Huether Mccance Pathophysiology Exam A+ Grade Assured Complete Solutions And Verified Answers

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM +t




Exam Solution
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NUR612 Pathophysiology Final McCance & Huether (8t
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h ed. ) 2026 A+ GRADE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTION
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S AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (F3878)
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QUESTION 1 +t




Term
ANSWER

Definition



QUESTION 2 +t




It is true that a eukaryotic cell
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A. is smaller than a prokaryotic cell.
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B. contains structures called organelles.
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C. lacks a well-defined nucleus.
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D. does not contain histones.
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ANSWER

B. Contains structures called organelles. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and histones, they have a w
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ell-defined nucleus, and are larger than prokaryotic cells. Ch01.1
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QUESTION 3 +t




The function of a histone found in a eukaryote cell focuses on cellular
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A. division.
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B. movement.
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C. activities.
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D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding.
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ANSWER

D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. The histones are binding proteins that cause the supercoiling of
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DNA into chromosomes and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities. Ch01.2
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,QUESTION 4 +t




An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to as a
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/an
A. Golgi complex.
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B. mitochondrion.
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C. endoplasmic reticulum.
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D. nucleolus.
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ANSWER

B. mitochondrion Mitochondria play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration, and energy prod
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uction. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins from the endoplasmic re
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ticulum, where they are synthesized. The nucleolus is a small, dense structure that contains the ribonuc
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leic acid (RNA), DNA, and DNA-binding proteins. Ch01.3
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QUESTION 5 +t




Which statement best describes a desmosome?
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A. A desmosome is a barrier to diffusion.
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B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands.
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C. A desmosome is a communicating tunnel.
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D. Desmosomes function as a zona occludens.
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ANSWER

B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands. The desmosome is a type of cell junction. The
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other two types include tight junctions and gap junctions. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming a
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continuous band of epithelial tissue or belt (or button-
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like) points of contact. They are also a source of structural stability. Tight junctions serve as barriers to
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diffusion and prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins. Gap junctions are cluster
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s of communicating tunnels. Ch01.4
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QUESTION 6 +t




Which statement describes the function of a second messenger?
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A. Binds with membrane-bound receptors via a ligand
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B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events
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C. Opens specific channels in the cell membrane
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D. Blocks a membrane-bound receptor signal
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ANSWER

B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events The binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor triggers th
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e activation of intracellular second messengers. Second messengers activate signal transduction pathwa
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ys in the cell that can initiate different intracellular events. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) an
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d calcium (Ca++) are the two major second-
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messenger pathways. First messengers are the extracellular ligands that bind to cell surface receptors.
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,Binding of first messengers can result in the opening or closing of specific cell membrane channels or t
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he activation of second messengers. Ch01.5
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QUESTION 7 +t




Which statement is correct regarding cellular energy?
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A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules.
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B. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making adenosine triphosphate (AT
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P).
C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
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D. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen.
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ANSWER

C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitoc
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hondria. This is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is
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transferred to ATP. Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose molecules; it produces a net of two
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ATP molecules. Oxidation is a process during which a pair of electrons are removed and transferred. O
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xidative cellular metabolism involves 10 biochemical reactions. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the absen
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ce of oxygen. Aerobic means in the presence of oxygen. Ch01.6
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QUESTION 8 +t




Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low con
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centration is called +t +t



A. diffusion.
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B. filtration.
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C. osmosis.
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D. hydrostatic pressure.
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ANSWER

A. diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low
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concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of higher
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water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Filtration is the movement of water and s
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olute through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than th
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e other. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against a cell membrane. Ch01.7
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QUESTION 9 +t




Which is an example of an energy-releasing process?
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A. Anabolism
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B. Catabolism
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C. Substrate-induced reaction
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D. Second messenger system
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ANSWER

, B. Catabolism Catabolism is an energy-releasing process. The energy-
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using process is anabolism. A substrate is a specific substance that is converted to a product in the reac
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tion. A second messenger is a "pass-it-
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on signal." This occurs when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass-it-
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on signal. Ch01.8
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QUESTION 10 +t




Which describes an amphipathic molecule?
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A. It is permeable to water only.
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B. It is a nonpolar molecule.
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C. It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
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D. It is a one-layered structure.
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ANSWER

C. It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The amphipathic molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophil
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ic. A hydrophilic molecule is a charged, water-
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loving molecule. A hydrophobic molecule is an uncharged or water-
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hating molecule. A polar molecule is another name for an amphipathic molecule. Ch01.9
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QUESTION 11 +t




Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction? (Select all that apply.)
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A. Transfer the signal
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B. Converge the signal
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C. Amplify the signal
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D. Distribute the signal
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ANSWER

A. Transfer the signal
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C. Amplify the signal
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D. Distribute the signal The functions of relay chains include transferring the signal from its reception p
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oint to another part of the cell where it is expected; amplifying the signal received and making it strong
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er; and distributing the signal so that it influences several processes in parallel. The signal can diverge,
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not converge, and be relayed to several different intracellular targets. Ch01.10
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QUESTION 12 +t




Which are functions of a protein? (Select all that apply.)
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A. Pores or transport channels
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B. Enzymes that drive pumps
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C. Cell surface markers
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D. Synapses for cells
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ANSWER