NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Study Guide
Latest Update 2026 | Pass Exam Prep
1. Inter-pulmonary bronchi have five layers: mucus membrane, smooth muscle,
submucosa, cartilage, and adventia. The bronchioles have a well developed
muscular layer but no cartilage or submucosa.
1st true, 2nd false
both true
1st false, 2nd true
both false
2. The major site of blood cell formation during fetal life is the...
spleen
kidney
yolk sac
liver
3. If a patient presents with symptoms of right-sided heart failure, such as
peripheral edema and jugular venous distension, what initial treatment
strategy might be considered?
ACE inhibitors to increase blood pressure
Beta-blockers to increase heart rate
Antibiotics to treat infection
Diuretics to reduce fluid overload
4. Why does right ventricular failure lead to hepatosplenomegaly?
, Right ventricular failure stimulates an inflammatory response and the
inflammatory mediators cause damage to the liver and spleen
The liver hypertrophies in response to chronically high portal venous
pressure
Red blood cell function becomes impaired, resulting in hemolysis in
the spleen and splenic congestion
Increased right ventricular preload results in a back up of pressures
into the systemic veins including the IVC, portal system, and spleen
5. Describe the role of the adventitia in the structure of bronchioles.
The adventitia secretes mucus to trap particles in the bronchioles.
The adventitia is responsible for gas exchange in the bronchioles.
The adventitia regulates airflow through the bronchioles.
The adventitia provides structural support and protection to the
bronchioles.
6. What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte in the human body?
120 days
60 days
150 days
90 days
7. A patient with chronic bronchitis presents with confusion and lethargy. What
acid-base imbalance would you expect to find in this patient, and why?
Metabolic alkalosis due to excessive vomiting.
Respiratory acidosis due to CO2 retention from impaired ventilation.
, Respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation.
Metabolic acidosis due to renal failure.
8. Hemolytic anemia is when
Insufficient iron levels
Insufficient magnesium levels
Insufficient vitamin B12 levels
The body breaks down more red blood cells than it produces
9. What is the outermost layer of the bronchioles called?
Submucosa
Mucosa
Adventitia
Muscularis
10. What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Regulating blood pressure
Transporting oxygen
Fighting infections
Producing energy
11. In a patient with left-sided heart failure, how might the function of the
semilunar valves be affected during the cardiac cycle?
The semilunar valves will open more easily due to decreased pressure
in the left ventricle.
, The semilunar valves may not open effectively due to increased
pressure in the left ventricle, leading to reduced blood flow to the
aorta.
The semilunar valves will close prematurely, causing backflow into the
ventricles.
The semilunar valves will open at a different time in the cycle due to
altered heart rhythm.
12. What type of cells are primarily found in the innermost layer of the
bronchioles?
Ciliated epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Smooth muscle cells
Alveolar cells
13. Describe the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating heart
rate.
The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate by
releasing acetylcholine, which acts on the heart's pacemaker cells.
The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by
releasing norepinephrine.
The parasympathetic nervous system regulates heart rate through the
release of serotonin.
The parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on heart rate.
14. If a patient presents with symptoms of fatigue and shortness of breath, and
diagnostic tests reveal aortic stenosis, what might be the underlying
pathophysiological mechanism at play?
Latest Update 2026 | Pass Exam Prep
1. Inter-pulmonary bronchi have five layers: mucus membrane, smooth muscle,
submucosa, cartilage, and adventia. The bronchioles have a well developed
muscular layer but no cartilage or submucosa.
1st true, 2nd false
both true
1st false, 2nd true
both false
2. The major site of blood cell formation during fetal life is the...
spleen
kidney
yolk sac
liver
3. If a patient presents with symptoms of right-sided heart failure, such as
peripheral edema and jugular venous distension, what initial treatment
strategy might be considered?
ACE inhibitors to increase blood pressure
Beta-blockers to increase heart rate
Antibiotics to treat infection
Diuretics to reduce fluid overload
4. Why does right ventricular failure lead to hepatosplenomegaly?
, Right ventricular failure stimulates an inflammatory response and the
inflammatory mediators cause damage to the liver and spleen
The liver hypertrophies in response to chronically high portal venous
pressure
Red blood cell function becomes impaired, resulting in hemolysis in
the spleen and splenic congestion
Increased right ventricular preload results in a back up of pressures
into the systemic veins including the IVC, portal system, and spleen
5. Describe the role of the adventitia in the structure of bronchioles.
The adventitia secretes mucus to trap particles in the bronchioles.
The adventitia is responsible for gas exchange in the bronchioles.
The adventitia regulates airflow through the bronchioles.
The adventitia provides structural support and protection to the
bronchioles.
6. What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte in the human body?
120 days
60 days
150 days
90 days
7. A patient with chronic bronchitis presents with confusion and lethargy. What
acid-base imbalance would you expect to find in this patient, and why?
Metabolic alkalosis due to excessive vomiting.
Respiratory acidosis due to CO2 retention from impaired ventilation.
, Respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation.
Metabolic acidosis due to renal failure.
8. Hemolytic anemia is when
Insufficient iron levels
Insufficient magnesium levels
Insufficient vitamin B12 levels
The body breaks down more red blood cells than it produces
9. What is the outermost layer of the bronchioles called?
Submucosa
Mucosa
Adventitia
Muscularis
10. What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Regulating blood pressure
Transporting oxygen
Fighting infections
Producing energy
11. In a patient with left-sided heart failure, how might the function of the
semilunar valves be affected during the cardiac cycle?
The semilunar valves will open more easily due to decreased pressure
in the left ventricle.
, The semilunar valves may not open effectively due to increased
pressure in the left ventricle, leading to reduced blood flow to the
aorta.
The semilunar valves will close prematurely, causing backflow into the
ventricles.
The semilunar valves will open at a different time in the cycle due to
altered heart rhythm.
12. What type of cells are primarily found in the innermost layer of the
bronchioles?
Ciliated epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Smooth muscle cells
Alveolar cells
13. Describe the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating heart
rate.
The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate by
releasing acetylcholine, which acts on the heart's pacemaker cells.
The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by
releasing norepinephrine.
The parasympathetic nervous system regulates heart rate through the
release of serotonin.
The parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on heart rate.
14. If a patient presents with symptoms of fatigue and shortness of breath, and
diagnostic tests reveal aortic stenosis, what might be the underlying
pathophysiological mechanism at play?
