GNRS 5670 EXAM 1 FINAL PAPER 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS AND FULL SOLUTION UPDATED

GNRS 5670 EXAM 1 FINAL PAPER 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS AND FULL SOLUTION
UPDATED

◉ How do you get an acceptable SVO2?
Answer: Subtract 30 from SpO2


◉ What causes hyperkalemia?
Answer: Rhabdomyolysis
Excessive K+ administration
Renal Failure
ACE inhibitors and ARBs (with preexisting condition)


◉ What does hyperkalemia do to an EKG?
Answer: Peak T wave, leads to V Fib and cardiac stand still


◉ Treatment of hyperkalemia:
Answer: Acute: IV insulin (given with glucose):
Kayexalate
Hemodialysis

,◉ Causes of hypokalemia:
Answer: GI losses
Diuretic Therapy
Chronic Steroid therapy


◉ What does hypokalemia do to EKG?
Answer: Flatten T wave
Causes PVCs eventually Vtach to Vfib


◉ Treatment of hypokalemia
Answer: IV potassium (slowly)


◉ Lab Values for Potassium
Answer: 3.5-5 mg/dL


◉ Hypercalcemia causes
Answer: Bone malignancy
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Excessive anti acid intake


◉ What does hypercalcemia do to an EKG? Physical manifestations?
Answer: Short ST segment

, Bradycardia
Heart Blocks


Confusion, Lethargy, coma


◉ Treatment of Hypercalcemia
Answer: Promotion of renal excretion by diuretics
High Volume NS via IV
Hemodialysis


◉ Hypocalcemia causes
Answer: Packed RBC transfusions
Critical Illness


◉ What does hypocalcemia do to EKG?
Clinical Manifestations?
Answer: Long ST segment
Bradycardia
V fib to arrest
Clinical manifestations: muscle cramps
Tetany
Low cardiac output