WGU D115 OA AND PRE-OA REVIEW TEST BANK
(UNIT 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 &7) 500 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (GUARANTEED PASS)/ D115
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM TEST BANK
(NEW!)
What is the most common indication for genetic counseling?
A) maternal age
B) drug exposure during the first trimester?
C) Increased maternal alpha-fetoprotein
D) history of previous still birth - ANSWER****A) maternal age
The largest group of women who benefit from genetic counseling are those over the age of 35
The FNP schedules a 38-year-old primigravida (first time pregnancy) for an amniocentesis at 16 weeks
gestation. The FNP would explain that the purpose of this procedure is to:
A) Assess for the possibility of twins
B) Deterime the biliruben level
C) Perform genetic studies
D) Assess L/S ratio - ANSWER****C) Perform genetic studies
This womans age puts her at risk for Down Syndrome
In the most commonly seen form of Turner Syndrome, how is the X chromosome affected?
A) Each cell has only one X chromosome?
B) Some cells have two X chromsomes, while the other cells have only one.
C) Each cell has two X chromsomes, but part of the chromosome is missing.
D) Each cell has an extra X chromosome - ANSWER****A) Each cell has only one X chromsome
45% of persons with Turner Syndrome have monosomy X meaning there is only one copy of the X
chromosome in each cell.
,The FNP is assessing a newborn who is demonstrating a high-pitched cry, microcephaly, hypertelorism,
hypotonia, and a low birth weight. The FNP would suspect which of the following genetic conditions?
A) Down Syndrome
B) Cri du chat
C) Charge syndrome
D) Duncan disease - ANSWER****B) Cri du chat
The clinical symptoms of cri du chat syndrome usually include a high-pitched cat-like cry, mental
retardation, delayed development, distinctive facial features, small head size (microcephaly), widely-
spaced eyes (hypertelorism), low birth weight and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy.
You are examining an 18-year-old man who is seeking a sports clearance physical exam. You note a mid-
systolic murmur that gets louder as he stands. This may represent:
A) Aortic Stenosis
B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
C) A physiologic murmur
D) A Still's murmur - ANSWER****B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Most murmurs diminish in intensity with standing due to reduced venous return to the heart and
subsequently reduced right and left ventricular diastolic volumes. In contrast, the murmur of
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy becomes louder, and the murmur of mitral valve prolapse lengthens and
often is intensified.Image result for aortic stenosis murmurThe typical murmur of aortic stenosis is a
high-pitched, "diamond shaped" crescendo-decrescendo, midsystolic ejection murmur heard best at the
right upper sternal border radiating to the neck and carotid arteries (see figure below). In mild aortic
stenosis, the murmur peaks in early systole.physiologic murmurs are low-pitched sounds heard at the
lower left sternal area. They are musical or have a relatively pure tone in quality or may be squeaky.
These most commonly occur between age 3 and adolescence. Because they are low pitched, they are
heard best with the bell of the stethoscopeStill's murmur (a.k.a. "innocent murmur" or "functional
murmur") refers to a benign flow murmur across the aortic valve from high cardiac output and/or
increased contractility (inotropy). Frequently seen in the pediatric population, Still's murmur can
disappear as the person moves into adolescence.
Which of the following is not directly associated with the lymphatic pathway?
A) Lymphatic Trunk
B) collecting duct
C) subclavian vein
,D) carotid artery - ANSWER****D) carotid artery
The major components of the lymphatic system include lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs
that contain lymphoid tissues. Lymphatic vessels are structures that absorb fluid that diffuses from
blood vessel capillaries into surrounding tissues.
The thymus is responsible for secreting from epithelial cells.
A) Thymosin
B) Growth Hormone
C) Macrophages
D) Plasma cells - ANSWER****A) Thymosin
The thymus produces and secretes thymosin, a hormone necessary for T cell development and
production. The thymus is special in that, unlike most organs, it is at its largest in children. Once you
reach puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat.Growth hormone (GH) is
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in a pulsatile fashion under the regulation of two hypothalamic
peptides: GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH synthesis and secretion while somatostatin
inhibits GH releaseMacrophages originate from blood monocytes that leave the circulation to
differentiate in different tissues. There is a substantial heterogeneity among each macrophage
population, which most probably reflects the required level of specialisation within the environment of
any given tissue.Plasma cells arise from antigen-activated B cells in secondary lymphoid organs such as
the spleen and lymph nodes. Remarkably, shortly after their formation plasma cells tend to home
primarily to the bone marrow where they may persist for months or even years.
Which of the following types of cytokines is responsible for the growth and maturation of B cells?
A) Interleukin-1
B) Interleukin-2
C) Interleukin-4
D) Interleukin-7 - ANSWER****C) Interleukin-4
IL-4 is a cytokine with pleiotropic activity in the immune system (22), and it plays an essential role in the
activation of mature B cells as a cofactor for LPS, CD40L, and Ag stimulation to induce B cell
differentiation, proliferation, and Ab secretion, mainly of IgG1 and IgE isotypesInterleukin-1 (IL-1) is the
prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. There are two forms of IL-1, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta and in most
studies, their biological activities are indistinguishable. IL-1 affects nearly every cell type, often in
concert with another pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an
interleukin, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system. It is a 15.5-16 kDa protein that
regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) that are responsible for
immunity.Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a non-hematopoietic cell-derived cytokine with a central role in the
, adaptive immune system. It promotes lymphocyte development in the thymus and maintains survival of
naive and memory T cell homeostasis in the periphery.
Which of the following types of immunoglobulins is the most responsible for promoting allergic
reactions?
A) IgA
B) IgM
C) IgD
D) IgE - ANSWER****D) IgE
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are antibodies produced by the immune system. If you have an allergy, your
immune system overreacts to an allergen by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These
antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction.Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is
the first line of defence in the resistance against infection, via inhibiting bacterial and viral adhesion to
epithelial cells and by neutralisation of bacterial toxins and virus, both extra- and intracellularly. IgA also
eliminates pathogens or antigens via an IgA-mediated excretory pathway where binding to IgA is
followed by polyimmunoglobulin receptor-mediated transport of immune complexes.Immunoglobulin
M (IgM) is one of several isotypes of antibody (also known as immunoglobulin) that are produced by
vertebrates. IgM is the largest antibody, and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial
exposure to an antigen.IgD (IgD) is a monomeric antibody isotype that is expressed in the plasma
membranes of immature B-lymphocytes. IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in small
amounts in blood serum. .... It is known that IgD signals for B cells to be activated in order for them to
participate in the immune defense.
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
A) Graves disease
B) Myasthenia gravis
C) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
D) Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER****D) Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. It is a progressive disease beginning with
mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to
the environment. Alzheimer's disease involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and
language.Common autoimmune disorders include:Addison diseaseCeliac disease - sprue (gluten-
sensitive enteropathy)DermatomyositisGraves diseaseHashimoto thyroiditisMultiple
sclerosisMyasthenia gravisPernicious anemiaReactive arthritisRheumatoid arthritisSjögren
syndromeSystemic lupus erythematosusType I diabetes
(UNIT 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 &7) 500 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (GUARANTEED PASS)/ D115
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM TEST BANK
(NEW!)
What is the most common indication for genetic counseling?
A) maternal age
B) drug exposure during the first trimester?
C) Increased maternal alpha-fetoprotein
D) history of previous still birth - ANSWER****A) maternal age
The largest group of women who benefit from genetic counseling are those over the age of 35
The FNP schedules a 38-year-old primigravida (first time pregnancy) for an amniocentesis at 16 weeks
gestation. The FNP would explain that the purpose of this procedure is to:
A) Assess for the possibility of twins
B) Deterime the biliruben level
C) Perform genetic studies
D) Assess L/S ratio - ANSWER****C) Perform genetic studies
This womans age puts her at risk for Down Syndrome
In the most commonly seen form of Turner Syndrome, how is the X chromosome affected?
A) Each cell has only one X chromosome?
B) Some cells have two X chromsomes, while the other cells have only one.
C) Each cell has two X chromsomes, but part of the chromosome is missing.
D) Each cell has an extra X chromosome - ANSWER****A) Each cell has only one X chromsome
45% of persons with Turner Syndrome have monosomy X meaning there is only one copy of the X
chromosome in each cell.
,The FNP is assessing a newborn who is demonstrating a high-pitched cry, microcephaly, hypertelorism,
hypotonia, and a low birth weight. The FNP would suspect which of the following genetic conditions?
A) Down Syndrome
B) Cri du chat
C) Charge syndrome
D) Duncan disease - ANSWER****B) Cri du chat
The clinical symptoms of cri du chat syndrome usually include a high-pitched cat-like cry, mental
retardation, delayed development, distinctive facial features, small head size (microcephaly), widely-
spaced eyes (hypertelorism), low birth weight and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy.
You are examining an 18-year-old man who is seeking a sports clearance physical exam. You note a mid-
systolic murmur that gets louder as he stands. This may represent:
A) Aortic Stenosis
B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
C) A physiologic murmur
D) A Still's murmur - ANSWER****B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Most murmurs diminish in intensity with standing due to reduced venous return to the heart and
subsequently reduced right and left ventricular diastolic volumes. In contrast, the murmur of
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy becomes louder, and the murmur of mitral valve prolapse lengthens and
often is intensified.Image result for aortic stenosis murmurThe typical murmur of aortic stenosis is a
high-pitched, "diamond shaped" crescendo-decrescendo, midsystolic ejection murmur heard best at the
right upper sternal border radiating to the neck and carotid arteries (see figure below). In mild aortic
stenosis, the murmur peaks in early systole.physiologic murmurs are low-pitched sounds heard at the
lower left sternal area. They are musical or have a relatively pure tone in quality or may be squeaky.
These most commonly occur between age 3 and adolescence. Because they are low pitched, they are
heard best with the bell of the stethoscopeStill's murmur (a.k.a. "innocent murmur" or "functional
murmur") refers to a benign flow murmur across the aortic valve from high cardiac output and/or
increased contractility (inotropy). Frequently seen in the pediatric population, Still's murmur can
disappear as the person moves into adolescence.
Which of the following is not directly associated with the lymphatic pathway?
A) Lymphatic Trunk
B) collecting duct
C) subclavian vein
,D) carotid artery - ANSWER****D) carotid artery
The major components of the lymphatic system include lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs
that contain lymphoid tissues. Lymphatic vessels are structures that absorb fluid that diffuses from
blood vessel capillaries into surrounding tissues.
The thymus is responsible for secreting from epithelial cells.
A) Thymosin
B) Growth Hormone
C) Macrophages
D) Plasma cells - ANSWER****A) Thymosin
The thymus produces and secretes thymosin, a hormone necessary for T cell development and
production. The thymus is special in that, unlike most organs, it is at its largest in children. Once you
reach puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat.Growth hormone (GH) is
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in a pulsatile fashion under the regulation of two hypothalamic
peptides: GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH synthesis and secretion while somatostatin
inhibits GH releaseMacrophages originate from blood monocytes that leave the circulation to
differentiate in different tissues. There is a substantial heterogeneity among each macrophage
population, which most probably reflects the required level of specialisation within the environment of
any given tissue.Plasma cells arise from antigen-activated B cells in secondary lymphoid organs such as
the spleen and lymph nodes. Remarkably, shortly after their formation plasma cells tend to home
primarily to the bone marrow where they may persist for months or even years.
Which of the following types of cytokines is responsible for the growth and maturation of B cells?
A) Interleukin-1
B) Interleukin-2
C) Interleukin-4
D) Interleukin-7 - ANSWER****C) Interleukin-4
IL-4 is a cytokine with pleiotropic activity in the immune system (22), and it plays an essential role in the
activation of mature B cells as a cofactor for LPS, CD40L, and Ag stimulation to induce B cell
differentiation, proliferation, and Ab secretion, mainly of IgG1 and IgE isotypesInterleukin-1 (IL-1) is the
prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. There are two forms of IL-1, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta and in most
studies, their biological activities are indistinguishable. IL-1 affects nearly every cell type, often in
concert with another pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an
interleukin, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system. It is a 15.5-16 kDa protein that
regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) that are responsible for
immunity.Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a non-hematopoietic cell-derived cytokine with a central role in the
, adaptive immune system. It promotes lymphocyte development in the thymus and maintains survival of
naive and memory T cell homeostasis in the periphery.
Which of the following types of immunoglobulins is the most responsible for promoting allergic
reactions?
A) IgA
B) IgM
C) IgD
D) IgE - ANSWER****D) IgE
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are antibodies produced by the immune system. If you have an allergy, your
immune system overreacts to an allergen by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These
antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction.Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is
the first line of defence in the resistance against infection, via inhibiting bacterial and viral adhesion to
epithelial cells and by neutralisation of bacterial toxins and virus, both extra- and intracellularly. IgA also
eliminates pathogens or antigens via an IgA-mediated excretory pathway where binding to IgA is
followed by polyimmunoglobulin receptor-mediated transport of immune complexes.Immunoglobulin
M (IgM) is one of several isotypes of antibody (also known as immunoglobulin) that are produced by
vertebrates. IgM is the largest antibody, and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial
exposure to an antigen.IgD (IgD) is a monomeric antibody isotype that is expressed in the plasma
membranes of immature B-lymphocytes. IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in small
amounts in blood serum. .... It is known that IgD signals for B cells to be activated in order for them to
participate in the immune defense.
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
A) Graves disease
B) Myasthenia gravis
C) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
D) Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER****D) Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. It is a progressive disease beginning with
mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to
the environment. Alzheimer's disease involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and
language.Common autoimmune disorders include:Addison diseaseCeliac disease - sprue (gluten-
sensitive enteropathy)DermatomyositisGraves diseaseHashimoto thyroiditisMultiple
sclerosisMyasthenia gravisPernicious anemiaReactive arthritisRheumatoid arthritisSjögren
syndromeSystemic lupus erythematosusType I diabetes
