PFCCS CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
PEWS (pediatric early warning score) - ANSWER-Rating scale based on behavior,
cardiovascular status and respiratory status
Score determines intervention
Newborn heart and respiratory rate ( birth - 1 mo) - ANSWER-R 40-60. HR 100-180
Infant heart rate and respiratory rate (1-12 mo) - ANSWER-R 35-45. HR 100-180
Toddler heart rate and respiratory rate (13 mo- 3 y) - ANSWER-R 25-35. HR 70-110
Preschool heart rate and respiratory rate (4-6y) - ANSWER-R 21-23. HR 70-110
School age heart rate and respiratory rate (7-12 y) - ANSWER-R 19-21. HR 70-110
Adolescent heart rate and respiratory rate (13-19y) - ANSWER-R 16-18 HR 55-90
What position is best for a clinical exam? - ANSWER-Position they spontaneously
assume for comfort
A child's level of reactivity and responsiveness is usually a reflection of what? -
ANSWER-A reflection of the level of cerebral perfusion
in infants, how can alertness be evaluated? - ANSWER-by observing their ability to
fixate on objects, particularly a parents face.
infant should turn towards sounds and should follow an objects horizontally and
starting at one month of age should f follow an object vertically as well
older children age 8 months to 2 years should exhibit answerer towards strangers
and show clear recognition of parents and caregivers
hypopnea - ANSWER-shallow breathing at least 10 seconds or more which reduces
O2 by 30%
hyperpnea - ANSWER-increase in depth and rate of breathing. differs from
hyperventilating as breaths are deeper instead of just faster
Poiseuille's Law - ANSWER-a law of physiology stating that resistance in and airway
is inversely related to it's radius to the fourth power, so reducing the airway radius by
50% would increase the resistance 16 times
Nasal flaring is a sign of _____ breathing. - ANSWER-increased work of breathing.
bradypnea is a precursor of - ANSWER-respiratory arrest
respiratory arrest is the most common cause of cardiopulmonary collapse in children
, where is the best place to auscultate breath sounds after intubation? - ANSWER-
anterior axillary line
because children have thinner chest walls than adults breath sounds are easily
audible but less easily localized and other sounds often interfere with accurate
auscultation. anterior axillary will minimize contralateral breath sound transmission
for a more accurate assessment
this increases the nares radii to reduce resistance to the fourth power
Grunting is associated with - ANSWER-increased work of breathing.
exhalation against a partially closed glottis to prevent the collapse of alveoli
Retractions of the sternum or ribs during inhalation: - ANSWER-abnormal "sucking
in" of the chest wall during inspiration; indicated respiratory distress
why is cyanosis a poor indicator of hypoxemia in infants and children? - ANSWER-
because children have a lower hgb concentration than adults the blood oxygen
content must fall to very low level before cyanosis is clinically evident
causes of variations in respiratory rate - ANSWER-fever
pain and anxiety
hypovolemia
respiratory disease
metabolic acidosis
heart failure
adverse drug effect
hyperviscosity syndromes
causes of variations in respiratory rate- bradypnea - ANSWER-hypothermia
CNS injury
drug induced depression
neuromuscular disease
severe shock
metabolic disorder
causes of asymmetrical chest movement - ANSWER-unilateral pneumothorax
unilateral pleural effusion
FB aspiration with hyperinflation
mucous plugging of main stem bronchus
lobar atelectasis
advantages of capnography - ANSWER--allows non invasive monitoring of
ventilation
- providers measure of resp rate and regularity of breathing
- confirms and continuously monitors ET placement in trachea
- sounds alarm is ET tube becomes dislodged or obstructed
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
PEWS (pediatric early warning score) - ANSWER-Rating scale based on behavior,
cardiovascular status and respiratory status
Score determines intervention
Newborn heart and respiratory rate ( birth - 1 mo) - ANSWER-R 40-60. HR 100-180
Infant heart rate and respiratory rate (1-12 mo) - ANSWER-R 35-45. HR 100-180
Toddler heart rate and respiratory rate (13 mo- 3 y) - ANSWER-R 25-35. HR 70-110
Preschool heart rate and respiratory rate (4-6y) - ANSWER-R 21-23. HR 70-110
School age heart rate and respiratory rate (7-12 y) - ANSWER-R 19-21. HR 70-110
Adolescent heart rate and respiratory rate (13-19y) - ANSWER-R 16-18 HR 55-90
What position is best for a clinical exam? - ANSWER-Position they spontaneously
assume for comfort
A child's level of reactivity and responsiveness is usually a reflection of what? -
ANSWER-A reflection of the level of cerebral perfusion
in infants, how can alertness be evaluated? - ANSWER-by observing their ability to
fixate on objects, particularly a parents face.
infant should turn towards sounds and should follow an objects horizontally and
starting at one month of age should f follow an object vertically as well
older children age 8 months to 2 years should exhibit answerer towards strangers
and show clear recognition of parents and caregivers
hypopnea - ANSWER-shallow breathing at least 10 seconds or more which reduces
O2 by 30%
hyperpnea - ANSWER-increase in depth and rate of breathing. differs from
hyperventilating as breaths are deeper instead of just faster
Poiseuille's Law - ANSWER-a law of physiology stating that resistance in and airway
is inversely related to it's radius to the fourth power, so reducing the airway radius by
50% would increase the resistance 16 times
Nasal flaring is a sign of _____ breathing. - ANSWER-increased work of breathing.
bradypnea is a precursor of - ANSWER-respiratory arrest
respiratory arrest is the most common cause of cardiopulmonary collapse in children
, where is the best place to auscultate breath sounds after intubation? - ANSWER-
anterior axillary line
because children have thinner chest walls than adults breath sounds are easily
audible but less easily localized and other sounds often interfere with accurate
auscultation. anterior axillary will minimize contralateral breath sound transmission
for a more accurate assessment
this increases the nares radii to reduce resistance to the fourth power
Grunting is associated with - ANSWER-increased work of breathing.
exhalation against a partially closed glottis to prevent the collapse of alveoli
Retractions of the sternum or ribs during inhalation: - ANSWER-abnormal "sucking
in" of the chest wall during inspiration; indicated respiratory distress
why is cyanosis a poor indicator of hypoxemia in infants and children? - ANSWER-
because children have a lower hgb concentration than adults the blood oxygen
content must fall to very low level before cyanosis is clinically evident
causes of variations in respiratory rate - ANSWER-fever
pain and anxiety
hypovolemia
respiratory disease
metabolic acidosis
heart failure
adverse drug effect
hyperviscosity syndromes
causes of variations in respiratory rate- bradypnea - ANSWER-hypothermia
CNS injury
drug induced depression
neuromuscular disease
severe shock
metabolic disorder
causes of asymmetrical chest movement - ANSWER-unilateral pneumothorax
unilateral pleural effusion
FB aspiration with hyperinflation
mucous plugging of main stem bronchus
lobar atelectasis
advantages of capnography - ANSWER--allows non invasive monitoring of
ventilation
- providers measure of resp rate and regularity of breathing
- confirms and continuously monitors ET placement in trachea
- sounds alarm is ET tube becomes dislodged or obstructed
