NSG 3280: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES I | 100% VERIFIED EXAM
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | LATEST 2026/2027 VERSION | PASS
GUARANTEE
1. Which of the following best describes cellular atrophy?
A. An increase in cell size due to increased workload
B. A decrease in cell size due to reduced workload or nutrient deprivation
✓
C. An increase in cell number in response to hormonal stimulation
D. Death of cells in response to ischemia
2. A nurse observes that a patient who has been immobilized for six weeks has lost
significant muscle mass. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Disuse atrophy ✓
D. Hypertrophy
3. Hypertrophy differs from hyperplasia in that hypertrophy involves:
A. An increase in the number of cells
B. An increase in the size of individual cells ✓
C. A change in cell type
D. A decrease in cell function
4. The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another is called:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Metaplasia ✓
, D. Hyperplasia
5. Which type of cell adaptation is considered potentially reversible and may
precede cancer development?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia ✓
6. Necrosis is distinguished from apoptosis primarily because necrosis:
A. Is programmed and energy-dependent
B. Causes inflammation and involves cell swelling and rupture ✓
C. Results in cell shrinkage without inflammation
D. Is beneficial and essential for normal development
7. In liquefactive necrosis, tissues appear:
A. Chalky white and firm
B. Soft and liquefied ✓
C. Dry, dark, and wrinkled
D. Caseous and cheese-like
8. Caseous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Stroke
C. Tuberculosis ✓
D. Peripheral vascular disease
9. Which of the following is the earliest reversible sign of cell injury caused by
ischemia?
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Membrane rupture
C. Cellular swelling due to sodium and water influx ✓
D. Mitochondrial calcification
,10. Free radicals contribute to cell injury by:
A. Enhancing ATP production
B. Stabilizing the cell membrane
C. Causing oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA ✓
D. Stimulating growth factor receptors
INFLAMMATION
11. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Redness (rubor)
B. Fibrosis (sclerosis) ✓
C. Swelling (tumor)
D. Heat (calor)
12. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the fever response in
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Prostaglandins ✓
C. Serotonin
D. Bradykinin
13. Histamine is primarily released from:
A. Neutrophils and basophils
B. Mast cells and basophils ✓
C. Macrophages and lymphocytes
D. Platelets and red blood cells
14. The primary cellular response in acute inflammation involves:
A. Lymphocytes
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils ✓
D. Eosinophils
, 15. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the predominance of which cell type?
A. Neutrophils
B. Erythrocytes
C. Mononuclear cells including macrophages and lymphocytes ✓
D. Platelets
16. Which complement pathway is activated by antibody-antigen complexes?
A. Alternative pathway
B. Lectin pathway
C. Classical pathway ✓
D. Innate pathway
17. The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls into
surrounding tissue is called:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Diapedesis ✓
D. Opsonization
18. A granuloma represents:
A. A collection of pus in a cavity
B. A collection of activated macrophages walling off a persistent irritant ✓
C. A type of liquefactive necrosis
D. An acute inflammatory response to bacteria
19. Which of the following best describes an abscess?
A. A localized collection of pus surrounded by a fibrous wall ✓
B. A diffuse spread of infection through tissue planes
C. A systemic inflammatory response to bacteria
D. A type of granulomatous inflammation
20. The acute phase response includes all of the following EXCEPT:
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | LATEST 2026/2027 VERSION | PASS
GUARANTEE
1. Which of the following best describes cellular atrophy?
A. An increase in cell size due to increased workload
B. A decrease in cell size due to reduced workload or nutrient deprivation
✓
C. An increase in cell number in response to hormonal stimulation
D. Death of cells in response to ischemia
2. A nurse observes that a patient who has been immobilized for six weeks has lost
significant muscle mass. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Disuse atrophy ✓
D. Hypertrophy
3. Hypertrophy differs from hyperplasia in that hypertrophy involves:
A. An increase in the number of cells
B. An increase in the size of individual cells ✓
C. A change in cell type
D. A decrease in cell function
4. The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another is called:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Metaplasia ✓
, D. Hyperplasia
5. Which type of cell adaptation is considered potentially reversible and may
precede cancer development?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia ✓
6. Necrosis is distinguished from apoptosis primarily because necrosis:
A. Is programmed and energy-dependent
B. Causes inflammation and involves cell swelling and rupture ✓
C. Results in cell shrinkage without inflammation
D. Is beneficial and essential for normal development
7. In liquefactive necrosis, tissues appear:
A. Chalky white and firm
B. Soft and liquefied ✓
C. Dry, dark, and wrinkled
D. Caseous and cheese-like
8. Caseous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Stroke
C. Tuberculosis ✓
D. Peripheral vascular disease
9. Which of the following is the earliest reversible sign of cell injury caused by
ischemia?
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Membrane rupture
C. Cellular swelling due to sodium and water influx ✓
D. Mitochondrial calcification
,10. Free radicals contribute to cell injury by:
A. Enhancing ATP production
B. Stabilizing the cell membrane
C. Causing oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA ✓
D. Stimulating growth factor receptors
INFLAMMATION
11. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Redness (rubor)
B. Fibrosis (sclerosis) ✓
C. Swelling (tumor)
D. Heat (calor)
12. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the fever response in
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Prostaglandins ✓
C. Serotonin
D. Bradykinin
13. Histamine is primarily released from:
A. Neutrophils and basophils
B. Mast cells and basophils ✓
C. Macrophages and lymphocytes
D. Platelets and red blood cells
14. The primary cellular response in acute inflammation involves:
A. Lymphocytes
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils ✓
D. Eosinophils
, 15. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the predominance of which cell type?
A. Neutrophils
B. Erythrocytes
C. Mononuclear cells including macrophages and lymphocytes ✓
D. Platelets
16. Which complement pathway is activated by antibody-antigen complexes?
A. Alternative pathway
B. Lectin pathway
C. Classical pathway ✓
D. Innate pathway
17. The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls into
surrounding tissue is called:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Diapedesis ✓
D. Opsonization
18. A granuloma represents:
A. A collection of pus in a cavity
B. A collection of activated macrophages walling off a persistent irritant ✓
C. A type of liquefactive necrosis
D. An acute inflammatory response to bacteria
19. Which of the following best describes an abscess?
A. A localized collection of pus surrounded by a fibrous wall ✓
B. A diffuse spread of infection through tissue planes
C. A systemic inflammatory response to bacteria
D. A type of granulomatous inflammation
20. The acute phase response includes all of the following EXCEPT:
