BSC 101 EXAM 1 2026 STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ How do viruses infect cells?
Answer: attach themselves to the host cell
-by injection of their nucleic acid into the host cell
-by the host cell engulfing the virus
◉ Why is a virus considered "not" alive?
Answer: -they lack the ability to reproduce/replicate
-so it is highjacking the cellular machinery inside the host cell to make
its own protein
-acellular, and parasitic
-don't grow and divide on own
◉ Different types of innate immunity?
Answer: -skin
hair
cilia
-mucus membranes
-digestive enzymes
-stomach acidity
-inflammatory response
,◉ inflammatory response?
Answer: -inflammation
-a response to trauma
-bacteria,fungal spores and/or viruses have a direct entry into your
circulatory system
◉ How pathogens are marked and destroyed when they invade the
body?
Answer: -antibodies search for them in blood and breast milk and mark
and destroy them by phagocytes before they can infect cells
-the more antibodies the higher the response to the invaders
◉ How vaccinations can cause secondary response?
Answer: -put a small amount of the pathogen in you which creates
memory cells or antibodies to kill it off it returns
◉ How herd immunity works?
Answer: -indirect form of protection from the infectious disease that
occurs when a large percent of a population has become immune to the
infection
◉ Why everyone who is medically capable should get vaccinated?
Answer: -vaccinations have to be at 95% of people or above in order for
a disease to disappear
, -not enough people are vaccinated to keep the diseases away
◉ How fats are digested?
Answer: -most fats have a long chain of carbons with hydrogen atoms
attached, digested by enzymes breaking the carbon bonds
◉ How proteins are digested?
Answer: -enzymes cleaving off amino acids from the larger protein
molecules
◉ How carbohydrates are digested?
Answer: -enzymes cleaving off simple sugars from larger carb
molecules
◉ What causes type 2 diabetes and how it can be prevented?
Answer: -insulin resistance
-insufficient insulin production by the pancreas
-prevented by lowering the sugar taken in
-maintaining a healthy weight
-exercising at least 30 min/day
◉ Consequences of obesity?
Answer: -heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer
-leading cause of preventable death
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ How do viruses infect cells?
Answer: attach themselves to the host cell
-by injection of their nucleic acid into the host cell
-by the host cell engulfing the virus
◉ Why is a virus considered "not" alive?
Answer: -they lack the ability to reproduce/replicate
-so it is highjacking the cellular machinery inside the host cell to make
its own protein
-acellular, and parasitic
-don't grow and divide on own
◉ Different types of innate immunity?
Answer: -skin
hair
cilia
-mucus membranes
-digestive enzymes
-stomach acidity
-inflammatory response
,◉ inflammatory response?
Answer: -inflammation
-a response to trauma
-bacteria,fungal spores and/or viruses have a direct entry into your
circulatory system
◉ How pathogens are marked and destroyed when they invade the
body?
Answer: -antibodies search for them in blood and breast milk and mark
and destroy them by phagocytes before they can infect cells
-the more antibodies the higher the response to the invaders
◉ How vaccinations can cause secondary response?
Answer: -put a small amount of the pathogen in you which creates
memory cells or antibodies to kill it off it returns
◉ How herd immunity works?
Answer: -indirect form of protection from the infectious disease that
occurs when a large percent of a population has become immune to the
infection
◉ Why everyone who is medically capable should get vaccinated?
Answer: -vaccinations have to be at 95% of people or above in order for
a disease to disappear
, -not enough people are vaccinated to keep the diseases away
◉ How fats are digested?
Answer: -most fats have a long chain of carbons with hydrogen atoms
attached, digested by enzymes breaking the carbon bonds
◉ How proteins are digested?
Answer: -enzymes cleaving off amino acids from the larger protein
molecules
◉ How carbohydrates are digested?
Answer: -enzymes cleaving off simple sugars from larger carb
molecules
◉ What causes type 2 diabetes and how it can be prevented?
Answer: -insulin resistance
-insufficient insulin production by the pancreas
-prevented by lowering the sugar taken in
-maintaining a healthy weight
-exercising at least 30 min/day
◉ Consequences of obesity?
Answer: -heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer
-leading cause of preventable death
