, TESTBANK FOR Molecular Diagnostics Fundamentals, Methods, and
Clinical Applications 4th Edition Buckingham
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
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,Chapter 1: Nucleic Acids
Multiple Choice
1. DNA contains deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates joined together by what type of covalent
bond?
A. Aldehyde
B. Ester
C. Phosphodiester
D. Peptide
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.3
2. Nucleotides in DNA consist of which of the following?
A. Nitrogen base, deoxyribose, and phosphate
B. Nitrogen base, ribose, and sulfur
C. Carbon base, ribose, and phosphate
D. Carbon base, glucose, and carboxyl
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.1
3. Which of the five ribose carbons of the deoxyribonucleotide are involved in the formation of
the DNA chain?
A. 1' and 5'
B. 2' and 4'
C. 3' and 4'
D. 3' and 5'
ANS. D
OBJ: 1.2
4. In a DNA molecule, one end has a free hydroxyl group. What does the other end have?
A. A free phosphate group
B. A free hydroxyl group
C. A free amino group
D. A free carboxyl group.
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.2
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 1 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,5. What type of bonds spontaneously form between two complementary strands of DNA?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Phosphodiester bonds
D. Hydrophobic bonds
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.2
6. In a double-stranded DNA molecule, base pairing between strands occurs between which of
the following?
A. A purine and a purine
B. A pyrimidine and a pyrimidine
C. A purine and a pyrimidine
D. All types of nucleotide bases
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.4
7. Which of the following is a purine?
A. Tyrosine
B. Cytosine
C. Adenine
D. Alanine
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.1
8. Which DNA sequence is complementary to 5'GATTCTCAAAGGACT3'?
A. 5'GATTCTCAAAGGACT3'
B. 3'GATTCTCAAAGGACT5'
C. 3'CTAAGAGTTTCCTGA5'
D. 5'CTAAGAGTTTCCTGA3'
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.5
9. Which term describes the arrangement of the individual strands in the double-stranded DNA
molecule?
A. Parallel
B. Antiparallel
C. Tangential
D. Divergent
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.5
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 2 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,10. What is the process of separating the two DNA strands of double-stranded DNA into two
single strands called?
A. Denaturation
B. Renaturation
C. Depolymerization
D. Hybridization
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.4
11. Which of the following describes DNA replication?
A. Conservative
B. Semiconservative
C. Nonconservative
D. Dispersive
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.4
12. DNA replication requires the presence of which of the following?
A. DNA template
B. Ribosomes
C. Amino acids
D. Messenger RNA
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.5
13. DNA replication of the lagging strand proceeds in what manner?
A. Continuously
B. After completion of the leading strand
C. Discontinuously
D. Synthesis proceeds 3' to 5'
ANS: C
OBJ. 1.4
14. In DNA replication, the template is copied in which direction?
A. Reading goes 5 to 3
B. Reading goes 3 to 5
C. Both strands are read bidirectionally.
D. Reading proceeds from the -OP to the -OH end.
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.4
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 3 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,15. What does synthesis of the lagging DNA strand produce?
A. Kornberg fragments
B. Southern fragments
C. Okazaki fragments
D. Klenow fragments
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.4
16. Which of the following provides a substrate for DNA polymerase?
A. RNA primer hydroxyl group
B. Dideoxynucleotide
C. Uracil
D. RNA primer phosphate group
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.3
17. Where does DNA replication begin and end?
A. Origin of replication; end of the molecule
B. Promoter; termination site
C. Start codon; stop codon
D. Start codon; termination site
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.4
18. Which of the following enzymes will untangle DNA?
A. Polymerase
B. Helicase
C. Kinase
D. Phosphatase
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.6
19. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that do which of the following?
A. Degrade viral proteins
B. Digest DNA
C. Have no laboratory applications
D. Degrade lipids
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.6
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 4 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,20. Enzymes that recognize palindromic sequences of DNA, cut within the recognition sequence,
do not have methylating activity and are used frequently in the laboratory are which type of
restriction enzymes?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.6
21. Which of the following is a palindromic enzyme recognition site?
A. GAATTC
B. GAATTG
C. GAAAAG
D. GATCAG
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.6
22. An exonuclease will catalyze what type of reaction?
A. Polymerization of nucleotides into long strands
B. Separation of complementary DNA strands
C. Dissociation of phosphodiester bonds at the ends of DNA molecules
D. Formation of circular DNA molecules from linear ones
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.6
23. What reactions are catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase?
A. Addition of methyl groups to nitrogen bases
B. Addition of methyl groups to ribose sugars
C. Addition of methyl groups to proteins
D. Removal of methyl groups from DNA
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.6
24. What is the function of DNA ligase?
A. To synthesize DNA
B. To cut DNA within the double helix
C. To chew DNA from the ends
D. To join two ends of DNA together
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.6
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 5 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,25. What is the fertility factor (F) observed by Hayes and Lederberg?
A. A chemical that encourages bacterial mating
B. A virus
C. A plasmid
D. A polysaccharide on the cell surface
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.10
26. Recombination by transformation would be prevented by which treatment?
A. Protease
B. Ribonuclease
C. Deoxyribonuclease
D. Phosphorylase
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.10
27. What is the movement of DNA from one bacterium to another through the activity of
bacteriophages called?
A. Conjugation
B. Transformation
C. Transduction
D. Crossing over
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.10
28. In sexual recombination, new combinations of genes are created by which of the following
processes?
A. Polymerization
B. Crossing over
C. Exonuclease digestion
D. Methylation
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.11
29. Which of the following promote bacterial resistance to common antibiotics?
A. Helicases
B. R factors
C. Endonucleases
D. Methylases
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.10
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 6 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,30. Recombination between a plasmid and the bacterial chromosome will result in which of the
following?
A. Rapid degradation of the chromosome
B. Elimination of plasmid genes
C. Immediate cellular replication
D. Integration of plasmid genes
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.11
31. When an RNA molecule folds, what does adenine base pair with?
A. Thymine
B. Cytosine
C. Uracil
D. Guanine
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.7
32. How are RNA and DNA structurally similar?
A. They both have ribose as their sugar moiety.
B. They both mostly consist of a single strand that folds on itself.
C. They both consist of two complementary strands.
D. They both are polymers of nucleotide bases.
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.7
33. RNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase. What is it degraded by?
A. Helicase
B. Polymerase
C. Ribonuclease
D. Methylase
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.7
34. The large ribosome subunit in prokaryotes consists of ribosomal proteins and which of the
following?
A. 16S rRNA
B. 18S rRNA
C. 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA
D. 28S rRNA, 5S rRNA, and 5.8S rRNA
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.8
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 7 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
, 35. Messenger RNA is different from other types of RNA because messenger RNA has which of
the following?
A. A 3' polyA tail
B. Introns and exons
C. A 3' methylated cap
D. A cruciform structure
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.8
36. What is synthesis of RNA guided by a DNA template called?
A. Translation
B. DNA replication
C. Transcription
D. Reverse transcription
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.7
37. What is synthesis of DNA guided by an RNA template called?
A. Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Reverse transcription
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.7
38. In transcription, what is the starting material, what is the ending material, and what is the
major enzyme that catalyzes the process?
A. DNA; RNA; DNA polymerase
B. RNA; protein; RNA polymerase
C. RNA; DNA; reverse transcriptase
D. DNA; RNA; RNA polymerase
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.7
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 8 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
Clinical Applications 4th Edition Buckingham
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
💰 Money-Back Guarantee: Not satisfied? We offer a full refund – no questions asked.
🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
Contact Email:
,Chapter 1: Nucleic Acids
Multiple Choice
1. DNA contains deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates joined together by what type of covalent
bond?
A. Aldehyde
B. Ester
C. Phosphodiester
D. Peptide
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.3
2. Nucleotides in DNA consist of which of the following?
A. Nitrogen base, deoxyribose, and phosphate
B. Nitrogen base, ribose, and sulfur
C. Carbon base, ribose, and phosphate
D. Carbon base, glucose, and carboxyl
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.1
3. Which of the five ribose carbons of the deoxyribonucleotide are involved in the formation of
the DNA chain?
A. 1' and 5'
B. 2' and 4'
C. 3' and 4'
D. 3' and 5'
ANS. D
OBJ: 1.2
4. In a DNA molecule, one end has a free hydroxyl group. What does the other end have?
A. A free phosphate group
B. A free hydroxyl group
C. A free amino group
D. A free carboxyl group.
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.2
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 1 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,5. What type of bonds spontaneously form between two complementary strands of DNA?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Phosphodiester bonds
D. Hydrophobic bonds
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.2
6. In a double-stranded DNA molecule, base pairing between strands occurs between which of
the following?
A. A purine and a purine
B. A pyrimidine and a pyrimidine
C. A purine and a pyrimidine
D. All types of nucleotide bases
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.4
7. Which of the following is a purine?
A. Tyrosine
B. Cytosine
C. Adenine
D. Alanine
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.1
8. Which DNA sequence is complementary to 5'GATTCTCAAAGGACT3'?
A. 5'GATTCTCAAAGGACT3'
B. 3'GATTCTCAAAGGACT5'
C. 3'CTAAGAGTTTCCTGA5'
D. 5'CTAAGAGTTTCCTGA3'
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.5
9. Which term describes the arrangement of the individual strands in the double-stranded DNA
molecule?
A. Parallel
B. Antiparallel
C. Tangential
D. Divergent
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.5
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 2 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,10. What is the process of separating the two DNA strands of double-stranded DNA into two
single strands called?
A. Denaturation
B. Renaturation
C. Depolymerization
D. Hybridization
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.4
11. Which of the following describes DNA replication?
A. Conservative
B. Semiconservative
C. Nonconservative
D. Dispersive
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.4
12. DNA replication requires the presence of which of the following?
A. DNA template
B. Ribosomes
C. Amino acids
D. Messenger RNA
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.5
13. DNA replication of the lagging strand proceeds in what manner?
A. Continuously
B. After completion of the leading strand
C. Discontinuously
D. Synthesis proceeds 3' to 5'
ANS: C
OBJ. 1.4
14. In DNA replication, the template is copied in which direction?
A. Reading goes 5 to 3
B. Reading goes 3 to 5
C. Both strands are read bidirectionally.
D. Reading proceeds from the -OP to the -OH end.
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.4
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 3 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,15. What does synthesis of the lagging DNA strand produce?
A. Kornberg fragments
B. Southern fragments
C. Okazaki fragments
D. Klenow fragments
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.4
16. Which of the following provides a substrate for DNA polymerase?
A. RNA primer hydroxyl group
B. Dideoxynucleotide
C. Uracil
D. RNA primer phosphate group
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.3
17. Where does DNA replication begin and end?
A. Origin of replication; end of the molecule
B. Promoter; termination site
C. Start codon; stop codon
D. Start codon; termination site
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.4
18. Which of the following enzymes will untangle DNA?
A. Polymerase
B. Helicase
C. Kinase
D. Phosphatase
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.6
19. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that do which of the following?
A. Degrade viral proteins
B. Digest DNA
C. Have no laboratory applications
D. Degrade lipids
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.6
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 4 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,20. Enzymes that recognize palindromic sequences of DNA, cut within the recognition sequence,
do not have methylating activity and are used frequently in the laboratory are which type of
restriction enzymes?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.6
21. Which of the following is a palindromic enzyme recognition site?
A. GAATTC
B. GAATTG
C. GAAAAG
D. GATCAG
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.6
22. An exonuclease will catalyze what type of reaction?
A. Polymerization of nucleotides into long strands
B. Separation of complementary DNA strands
C. Dissociation of phosphodiester bonds at the ends of DNA molecules
D. Formation of circular DNA molecules from linear ones
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.6
23. What reactions are catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase?
A. Addition of methyl groups to nitrogen bases
B. Addition of methyl groups to ribose sugars
C. Addition of methyl groups to proteins
D. Removal of methyl groups from DNA
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.6
24. What is the function of DNA ligase?
A. To synthesize DNA
B. To cut DNA within the double helix
C. To chew DNA from the ends
D. To join two ends of DNA together
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.6
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 5 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,25. What is the fertility factor (F) observed by Hayes and Lederberg?
A. A chemical that encourages bacterial mating
B. A virus
C. A plasmid
D. A polysaccharide on the cell surface
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.10
26. Recombination by transformation would be prevented by which treatment?
A. Protease
B. Ribonuclease
C. Deoxyribonuclease
D. Phosphorylase
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.10
27. What is the movement of DNA from one bacterium to another through the activity of
bacteriophages called?
A. Conjugation
B. Transformation
C. Transduction
D. Crossing over
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.10
28. In sexual recombination, new combinations of genes are created by which of the following
processes?
A. Polymerization
B. Crossing over
C. Exonuclease digestion
D. Methylation
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.11
29. Which of the following promote bacterial resistance to common antibiotics?
A. Helicases
B. R factors
C. Endonucleases
D. Methylases
ANS: B
OBJ: 1.10
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 6 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
,30. Recombination between a plasmid and the bacterial chromosome will result in which of the
following?
A. Rapid degradation of the chromosome
B. Elimination of plasmid genes
C. Immediate cellular replication
D. Integration of plasmid genes
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.11
31. When an RNA molecule folds, what does adenine base pair with?
A. Thymine
B. Cytosine
C. Uracil
D. Guanine
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.7
32. How are RNA and DNA structurally similar?
A. They both have ribose as their sugar moiety.
B. They both mostly consist of a single strand that folds on itself.
C. They both consist of two complementary strands.
D. They both are polymers of nucleotide bases.
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.7
33. RNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase. What is it degraded by?
A. Helicase
B. Polymerase
C. Ribonuclease
D. Methylase
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.7
34. The large ribosome subunit in prokaryotes consists of ribosomal proteins and which of the
following?
A. 16S rRNA
B. 18S rRNA
C. 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA
D. 28S rRNA, 5S rRNA, and 5.8S rRNA
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.8
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 7 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
, 35. Messenger RNA is different from other types of RNA because messenger RNA has which of
the following?
A. A 3' polyA tail
B. Introns and exons
C. A 3' methylated cap
D. A cruciform structure
ANS: A
OBJ: 1.8
36. What is synthesis of RNA guided by a DNA template called?
A. Translation
B. DNA replication
C. Transcription
D. Reverse transcription
ANS: C
OBJ: 1.7
37. What is synthesis of DNA guided by an RNA template called?
A. Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Reverse transcription
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.7
38. In transcription, what is the starting material, what is the ending material, and what is the
major enzyme that catalyzes the process?
A. DNA; RNA; DNA polymerase
B. RNA; protein; RNA polymerase
C. RNA; DNA; reverse transcriptase
D. DNA; RNA; RNA polymerase
ANS: D
OBJ: 1.7
Buckingham 4e, TB Ch 1, Page 8 of 11 Copyright © 2026 by F. A. Davis Company
