Module 5:PSYC 140:Module 5 Study Guide:Updated A+ Guide Solution: Latest Updated

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Piaget: Preoperational • Gains -- classifications (simple) • Limitations -- centration (one track mind) • Current research -- Piaget: Concrete Operations • Gains -- conservations, classifications (more complex), seriation (order), logic • Limitations -- abstract thought (not until formal) • Current research -- culture and education play enormous roles Physical Patterns • Growth: 2-3 "/ year, 5-7 lb/yr • Baby fat decrease, muscle mass increase • Cephalocaudal - head circumference now more in proportion with body height • Proximodistal - has now progressed to limbs, fine motor skills being learned • Gender differences (motor skills) o Girls more advanced in fine motor o Boys more advanced in gros moto o Due to nature and nurture Child Obesity • Doubled since late 1970s in US • Causes: genetics, socioeconomic status (lack of education of healthy behaviors, stress), poor behavioral patterns, less physical activity • Polivy & Herman, 2002 o Studied psychological and social consequences to obesity • Low self-esteem • Depression • Social exclusion o Treatment for child obesity is behavioral • Change unhealthy behaviors, reinforce positive behaviors • Entire family should be involved, also often a family problem • CDC Article o Contributing factors - genetics, eating patterns, physical activity level, sleep routine • 1/5 American children have obesity o Increased risk for - asthma, sleep apnea, bone/joint problems, type 2 diabetes • $909 higher medical expenditures compared to healthy weight children • More likely to be obese adults Increased risk for - cancer, stroke, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, premature death, mental illness o Treatment • Model a healthy eating pattern • Offer variety of fruit/veg throughout day (frozen or canned is ok!) Low sodium/no salt added vegetablesFruit in 100% juice • Adopt healthy eating patterns as a family - fruit/veg, whole grain, lean protein, low-fat/fat-free dairy • Replace sugary drinks with water, 100% juice, or plain low-fat milk • Move more as a family • Children 3-5 should be physically active through day • Children 6-17 need 60 min/day • Ex. Walk pet before school, ride bikes, foot race, active chores (wash car, vacuum room, rake leaves) • Set consistent sleep routines