PORTAGE LEARNING EXAM vc vc
Exam Solution
vc
PHAR5712 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 2026 A+ GRA vc vc vc vc vc
DE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANS
vc vc vc vc vc vc
WERS (204DE) vc
QUESTION 1 vc
3 things Microorganisms do? and give examples of each and how we can avoid their gro
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
wth
ANSWER
1. cause disease: bacteria - tb fungi - tinea protozoa - malaria virus -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
polio 2. destroy pharmaceutical products spoil/degrade alter appearance, taste, smell 3. help in the ma
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
nufacturing of those products some vitamins/hormones gene therapy/recombinant proteins antibiotics i
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
e penicillin produced by them (avoid this by practicing safely, formulate vaccines/antimicrobial drugs to
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
inhibit their growth + free of contamination)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 2 vc
Name 3 types of microorganisms and examples
vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. Eukaryotes - fungi (moulds and yeasts) and protozoa 2. Prokaryotes -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
bacteria 3. Viruses and prions (don't have a cellular structure) -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
influenza, prion diseases, aka transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 3 vc
Difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
prokaryotes have: no membrane bound organelles have a cell wall flagella capsule 0.1-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
10µm Eukaryotes have: dont have any of the above ^ 10-100µm nuclear membrane
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 4 vc
,describe a bacteria: size and structure vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. 0.2 to 2 µm in diameter and 2 to 8 µm in length 2. long single loop of DNA (no membrane) 3. Flagella
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
- move, Fimbriae - attach to surfaces/other bacteria 4. plasma membrane - phospholipids 5. cell wall -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
peptidoglycan 6. Capsule -
vc vc vc vc
glycocalyx, stick onto surface + protects from desiccation and host immunity 7. ribosomes -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
protein factory
vc vc
QUESTION 5 vc
whats desiccation? (regarding bacteria)
vc vc vc
ANSWER
drying out in case of chemical stressor or temp
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 6 vc
why are bacteria with a capsule more disease causing?
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
increase in disease causing because it has an additional protective function
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 7 vc
what bacterial shape is this?
vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
Rod-shaped or bacillus (Plural: bacilli) vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 8 vc
what bacterial arrangement is this?
vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
in a pair = diplo (diplococci)
vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 9 vc
how to name a microorganism (3 points - name, genus, species)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
,1. Names should be in italics 2. Genus should be written with an UPPER CASE initial letter 3. Species sh
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ould be written with a lower case initial letter
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 10 vc
Describe binary fission in bacteria. vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. Cell elongates and DNA is replicated 2. Cell wall and plasma membrane grow inward 3. cross wall for
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ms completely around divided DNA 4. cells separate
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 11 vc
describe gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
gram +ve = thicker peptidoglycan cell wall gram -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ve = thinner peptidoglycan cell wall and a lipopolysaccharide layer
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 12 vc
why are gram -ve bacteria more resistant to antimicrobial agents?
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
Lipopolysaccharide provides additional protection vc vc vc
QUESTION 13 vc
describe the gram staining process (Developed in 1884 by Danish bacteriologist Hans Ch
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ristian Gramused) for the classification of bacteria and the results
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. Purple dye using crystal violet (CV) 2. Add iodine (I). Large Crystal-violet-iodine (CV-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
I) complex forms 3. Wash with alcohol 4. Staining with Safranin 5. Gram-negative = Pink, Gram-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
positive = Purple vc vc
QUESTION 14 vc
why are the results of the gram stain the way they are?
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
gram +ve bacteria: large CV-
vc vc vc vc
I complex not easily washed out of the thicker peptidoglycan layer of gram +ve cells by alcohol = retain
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
, colour of the CV dye and remain purple gram -ve: alcohol disrupts the liposaccharide layer, the CV-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
I complex is washed out via the thin layer of peptidoglycan = theyre colourless until counterstained wit
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
h the safranin
vc vc
QUESTION 15 vc
describe mycobacteria? (4 points) vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. smallest bacteria 2. Have a very thin cell wall 3. cannot be differentiated using gram staining (permea
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
bility issues) but can be detected via Acid-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
Fast Bacilli (AFB) Staining 4. Can cause severe and hazardous diseases (tuberculosis).
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 16 vc
why are mycobacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents?
vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
cell wall consisting of 60% of a hydrophobic waxy layer = low cellular permeability
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 17 vc
what are vegetative bacteria? vc vc vc
ANSWER
bacterial cells that are actively growing/dividing (reproductive phase)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 18 vc
describe endospores (6 points) vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. some Gram+ bacteria produces spore when the cell faces unfavourable conditions (resistant and dor
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
mant body - vc vc
1000yrs) 2. A bacterium can produce one spore 3. Some spores can resist boiling water and ethanol 4.
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
Spores are covered with tough materials (keratin) 5. Spores have a low water content 6. A spore return
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
s to a vegetative state by a process called germination
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 19 vc
rank Gram +ve, -ve, spores, mycobacteria from most resistant to least resistant
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
spores, mycobacteria, Gram -ve, +ve, vc vc vc vc
Exam Solution
vc
PHAR5712 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 2026 A+ GRA vc vc vc vc vc
DE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANS
vc vc vc vc vc vc
WERS (204DE) vc
QUESTION 1 vc
3 things Microorganisms do? and give examples of each and how we can avoid their gro
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
wth
ANSWER
1. cause disease: bacteria - tb fungi - tinea protozoa - malaria virus -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
polio 2. destroy pharmaceutical products spoil/degrade alter appearance, taste, smell 3. help in the ma
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
nufacturing of those products some vitamins/hormones gene therapy/recombinant proteins antibiotics i
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
e penicillin produced by them (avoid this by practicing safely, formulate vaccines/antimicrobial drugs to
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
inhibit their growth + free of contamination)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 2 vc
Name 3 types of microorganisms and examples
vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. Eukaryotes - fungi (moulds and yeasts) and protozoa 2. Prokaryotes -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
bacteria 3. Viruses and prions (don't have a cellular structure) -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
influenza, prion diseases, aka transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 3 vc
Difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
prokaryotes have: no membrane bound organelles have a cell wall flagella capsule 0.1-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
10µm Eukaryotes have: dont have any of the above ^ 10-100µm nuclear membrane
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 4 vc
,describe a bacteria: size and structure vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. 0.2 to 2 µm in diameter and 2 to 8 µm in length 2. long single loop of DNA (no membrane) 3. Flagella
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
- move, Fimbriae - attach to surfaces/other bacteria 4. plasma membrane - phospholipids 5. cell wall -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
peptidoglycan 6. Capsule -
vc vc vc vc
glycocalyx, stick onto surface + protects from desiccation and host immunity 7. ribosomes -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
protein factory
vc vc
QUESTION 5 vc
whats desiccation? (regarding bacteria)
vc vc vc
ANSWER
drying out in case of chemical stressor or temp
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 6 vc
why are bacteria with a capsule more disease causing?
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
increase in disease causing because it has an additional protective function
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 7 vc
what bacterial shape is this?
vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
Rod-shaped or bacillus (Plural: bacilli) vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 8 vc
what bacterial arrangement is this?
vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
in a pair = diplo (diplococci)
vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 9 vc
how to name a microorganism (3 points - name, genus, species)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
,1. Names should be in italics 2. Genus should be written with an UPPER CASE initial letter 3. Species sh
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ould be written with a lower case initial letter
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 10 vc
Describe binary fission in bacteria. vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. Cell elongates and DNA is replicated 2. Cell wall and plasma membrane grow inward 3. cross wall for
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ms completely around divided DNA 4. cells separate
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 11 vc
describe gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
gram +ve = thicker peptidoglycan cell wall gram -
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ve = thinner peptidoglycan cell wall and a lipopolysaccharide layer
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 12 vc
why are gram -ve bacteria more resistant to antimicrobial agents?
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
Lipopolysaccharide provides additional protection vc vc vc
QUESTION 13 vc
describe the gram staining process (Developed in 1884 by Danish bacteriologist Hans Ch
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ristian Gramused) for the classification of bacteria and the results
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. Purple dye using crystal violet (CV) 2. Add iodine (I). Large Crystal-violet-iodine (CV-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
I) complex forms 3. Wash with alcohol 4. Staining with Safranin 5. Gram-negative = Pink, Gram-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
positive = Purple vc vc
QUESTION 14 vc
why are the results of the gram stain the way they are?
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
gram +ve bacteria: large CV-
vc vc vc vc
I complex not easily washed out of the thicker peptidoglycan layer of gram +ve cells by alcohol = retain
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
, colour of the CV dye and remain purple gram -ve: alcohol disrupts the liposaccharide layer, the CV-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
I complex is washed out via the thin layer of peptidoglycan = theyre colourless until counterstained wit
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
h the safranin
vc vc
QUESTION 15 vc
describe mycobacteria? (4 points) vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. smallest bacteria 2. Have a very thin cell wall 3. cannot be differentiated using gram staining (permea
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
bility issues) but can be detected via Acid-
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
Fast Bacilli (AFB) Staining 4. Can cause severe and hazardous diseases (tuberculosis).
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 16 vc
why are mycobacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents?
vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
cell wall consisting of 60% of a hydrophobic waxy layer = low cellular permeability
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 17 vc
what are vegetative bacteria? vc vc vc
ANSWER
bacterial cells that are actively growing/dividing (reproductive phase)
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 18 vc
describe endospores (6 points) vc vc vc
ANSWER
1. some Gram+ bacteria produces spore when the cell faces unfavourable conditions (resistant and dor
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
mant body - vc vc
1000yrs) 2. A bacterium can produce one spore 3. Some spores can resist boiling water and ethanol 4.
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
Spores are covered with tough materials (keratin) 5. Spores have a low water content 6. A spore return
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
s to a vegetative state by a process called germination
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
QUESTION 19 vc
rank Gram +ve, -ve, spores, mycobacteria from most resistant to least resistant
vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc vc
ANSWER
spores, mycobacteria, Gram -ve, +ve, vc vc vc vc
