RNA Transcription and Translation Final Exam – Protein Synthesis Comprehensive Study Guide & Review Material

RNA Transcription and Translation Final Exam – Protein Synthesis Comprehensive Study Guide
& Review Material



RNA can form _______ known as ______ - correct answer ✔✔RNA can form secondary
structures known as hairpins (or stem loop)



RNA can be ____ and ____ (when ____) - correct answer ✔✔RNA can be single stranded and
double stranded (when convenient or energetically favorable)



While RNA is single stranded, it is energetically favorable for ______________. - correct answer
✔✔While RNA is single stranded, it is energetically favorable for some regions of the molecule
to base pair with other regions, as long as there is sequence complementarity.



In DNA hairpins are considered ____ and in RNA are considered ____ - correct answer
✔✔Hairpins bad for DNA, but good for RNA they are intentional!



RNA is not always ______ - correct answer ✔✔single stranded



RNA is also known as a ____ and contains _____ - correct answer ✔✔RNA is also known as a
ribozyme and contains characteristics of an enzyme



RNA world hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔hypothesis that RNA was the first nucleic acid to
evolve and that early life was based on RNA, rather than DNA or protein because of its multiple
functions (encoding, catalytic, enzymatic)



RNA functions (4) - correct answer ✔✔information coding, structural, catalytic, and enzymatic
function



RNA is stable as a single strand because it contains a - correct answer ✔✔2' OH

,What process makes RNA? - correct answer ✔✔DNA transcription



How can DNA act as a template for RNA? - correct answer ✔✔RNA has a similar structure to
DNA and base pair with it which enables DNA to act as a template, only difference is that RNA
contains uracil instead of thymine which can both hydrogen bond to adenine



There is only ___ type of DNA, however there are a ____ of RNA because ____. - correct answer
✔✔There is only one type of DNA, however there are a variety of RNA's because they act
similarly to proteins (proteins have many different structures and functions)



mRNA - correct answer ✔✔messenger RNA, codes for proteins



rRNA - correct answer ✔✔ribosomal RNA; form basic structure of ribosomes and catalyze
protein synthesis



tRNA - correct answer ✔✔transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome



What enzyme synthesizes RNA? - correct answer ✔✔RNA polymerase



RNA polymerase is similar to ______, as it can only synthesize in a _______ direction (template
read ________) - correct answer ✔✔RNA polymerase is similar to DNA polymerase, as it can
only synthesize in a 5' to 3' direction. Template is read 3' to 5'.



RNA polymerase - correct answer ✔✔catalyzes RNA phosphodiester bonds between RNA
nucleotides



RNA polymerase does not require a ______ - correct answer ✔✔primer

,While DNA polymerase remains on DNA to synthesize a whole duplex, RNA .... - correct answer
✔✔is only associated long enough on the template till it has the information that is needed
then it will fall out and move to the next region



Cells have a a huge quantity of ____ - correct answer ✔✔ribosomal RNA



Eukaryotes have ____ RNA polymerases but we will only be discussing ___ - correct answer
✔✔Eukaryotes only have 3 RNA polymerases but we will only be discussing RNA polymerase II



DNA consensus sequences are also known as ____ and indicate ____ - correct answer ✔✔DNA
consensus sequences are also known as promoters and indicate location of transcription start
points



A transcription start point is the region where - correct answer ✔✔RNA is made



First nucleotide made by RNA pol at the transcription start point on DNA is located at - correct
answer ✔✔+1



Less than ____ percent of the genome is coding meaning that ___ of the genome will not be
turned into ____ - correct answer ✔✔Less than 2% of the genome is coding meaning that 98%
of the genome will not be turned into RNA



Consensus sequences or promoters indicate to RNA pol where to ____ because ___ - correct
answer ✔✔where to make RNA because it will help it save time and energy from having to scan
and search DNA



Promoter associated with histones - correct answer ✔✔Promoter more exposed when DNA is
not tightly wound around histone and more hidden when DNA wraps tightly around histone



Promoter = - correct answer ✔✔region of DNA that is not completely solid --> pieces

, Transcriptional start sites will have anywhere from ___ to ___ of ______ - correct answer
✔✔Transcriptional start sites will have anywhere from 2 to 4 of these consensus regions or
promoters



Why is the promoter in several pieces at the transcriptional start site? - correct answer ✔✔RNA
polymerase is a bulky huge molecule with a large landing pad and will make contact with several
different sites (up to 4, but usually 2 to 3)



Numbering at the transcription start point - correct answer ✔✔No 0 --> +1 or -1

Start point = INR +1

+30 --> DPE site is 30 nucleotides up from transcriptional start point

-30 --> TATA 30 nucleotides away from TSS

-35 --> BRE 35 nucleotides away from TSS



TATA and DPE are 60 nucleotides away from each other



General transcription factors will - correct answer ✔✔bind specifically to these consensus
regions or promoters (up to 4)



What does and doesn't make direct contact with consensus regions? - correct answer ✔✔RNA
polymerase does not directly bind to consensus regions. The transcription factors bind to these
consensus regions and bind RNA polymerase there.



Transcription factors Role - correct answer ✔✔Position RNA polymerase at the correct DNA
sequences (gene) where transcription is supposed to begin and help initiate transcription



There are a variety of ____ which have a affinity _____. - correct answer ✔✔There are a variety
of transcription factors which have an affinity for different start sites.