1. What are the -Breakdown of food for digestion
functions of the -Absorption into the bloodstream of small nutrient
digestive tract? molecules produced by digestion
-Elimination of undigested unabsorbed foodstuffs
and other waste products
2. Enzymes of saliva, salivary amylase
chewing and
swallowing
3. Enzymes of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor
gastric function
4. amylase, lipase, trypsin, bile
Small intestine
function enzymes
5. How does In the mouth with the chewing and mixing of
digestion begin nutrients with saliva
6. Chyme mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food
7. How much food On average 1500 mL
can the stomach
hold?
8. How long does it Depends on the person, taking minutes to
hours take for food to digest?
9. What is apart of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine the GI tract?
10. Where is the LUQ stomach located?
11. Esophagus Hollow muscular tube that moves food
boluses down with peristaltic movements
,12. GI history assess- Demographics, family history, and genetic
risk ment Current health problems
Diet (alcohol, caffeine, etc,)
Physical and psychosocial
(stress, anxiety)
Assess knowledge
Bowel/bladder habits and changes
Cultural questions provide insight to
eating habits
13. Abdominal as- inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation
sessment Patient lays flat as possible
Measure weight
Measure abdominal girth
Listen to bowels in all 4 quadrants
14. Stomach Atrophy of gastric mucosa, decreased hydrochloric
acid level. Decreased iron changes in the absorption. elderly
Encourage bland food high in vitamins and assess for
epigastric pain
15. Large intestine Peristalsis decreases and nerve impulses
dulled.
changes in elder- Possible consipation and
impaction ly Encourage activity, fiber, and
fluids.
16. Most organs slow protstate down in geriatrics except the
____
,17. Liver function AST, ALT, ALP test Bilirubin
Albumin 3.5-5.7 g/dL
18. What does a liver AST, ALT, ALP increased
function test pre- bilirubin increase with liver damage, bile duct
obstruction, or other hepatobiliary sent as with liver disorders. damage?
Albumin decrease with hepatic disease
19. GI blood test ex- Amylase elevated with pancreatitis amples
Lipase increase with pancreatitis
Alpha-fetoprotein increase in liver cancer,
cirrhosis, heptatis ammonia increase in liver
disease
20. What happens Neuro problems
when ammonia Lactulose is used to eliminate ammonia,
causing diarrhea, is elevated?
21. Fecal Occult Stool sample taken and tested for hidden blood
Blood Test Most common Hemocult2
22. Fecal occult Instruct client to restrict anticoagulants,
NSAIDS 7 days before test and apply blood test in- dietary
restrictions 48 hours until test. Restrictions include vit c
enriched food, structions beets, red meat, horseradish
etc.
No active hemorrhoids
Take a sample for three
consecutive days
, 23. What diagnostic CBC, metabolic, stool samples, urinalysis
(pancreatic) labs are normally liver panel (liver problem),
preformed to assess
GI function?
24. Urea breath test Done to detect H.pylori bacteria in GI
system.
If CO2 level is high after drinking solution, H pylori is
present.
25. Urea breath test Client NPO 1 hour before test and stop
taking any antacids, PPI, antimicrobials instructions several
weeks before (anything to alter stomach)
Client breaths in bag to obtain baseline CO2 then
client drinks special carbon enriched urea solution
26. Esophageal Recorder lower esophageal sphincter pressure and
Manometry peristaltic activity of the esophagus
Used to diagnosed GERD
Shows if esophagus can handle food and problems
swallowing
27. Esophageal -NPO before procedure
Manometry -Clients stop taking anticholinergics, pain meds,
Instructions antacids, PPIs, h2 blockers before procedure
-tiny tube with multiple sensors will be passed
through nose down to esophagus, where tube exits
the nose connected to a device that records video and
plots the graph
-Pressure exerted by esophageal muscle at rest and
with small sips of water is
functions of the -Absorption into the bloodstream of small nutrient
digestive tract? molecules produced by digestion
-Elimination of undigested unabsorbed foodstuffs
and other waste products
2. Enzymes of saliva, salivary amylase
chewing and
swallowing
3. Enzymes of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor
gastric function
4. amylase, lipase, trypsin, bile
Small intestine
function enzymes
5. How does In the mouth with the chewing and mixing of
digestion begin nutrients with saliva
6. Chyme mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food
7. How much food On average 1500 mL
can the stomach
hold?
8. How long does it Depends on the person, taking minutes to
hours take for food to digest?
9. What is apart of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine the GI tract?
10. Where is the LUQ stomach located?
11. Esophagus Hollow muscular tube that moves food
boluses down with peristaltic movements
,12. GI history assess- Demographics, family history, and genetic
risk ment Current health problems
Diet (alcohol, caffeine, etc,)
Physical and psychosocial
(stress, anxiety)
Assess knowledge
Bowel/bladder habits and changes
Cultural questions provide insight to
eating habits
13. Abdominal as- inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation
sessment Patient lays flat as possible
Measure weight
Measure abdominal girth
Listen to bowels in all 4 quadrants
14. Stomach Atrophy of gastric mucosa, decreased hydrochloric
acid level. Decreased iron changes in the absorption. elderly
Encourage bland food high in vitamins and assess for
epigastric pain
15. Large intestine Peristalsis decreases and nerve impulses
dulled.
changes in elder- Possible consipation and
impaction ly Encourage activity, fiber, and
fluids.
16. Most organs slow protstate down in geriatrics except the
____
,17. Liver function AST, ALT, ALP test Bilirubin
Albumin 3.5-5.7 g/dL
18. What does a liver AST, ALT, ALP increased
function test pre- bilirubin increase with liver damage, bile duct
obstruction, or other hepatobiliary sent as with liver disorders. damage?
Albumin decrease with hepatic disease
19. GI blood test ex- Amylase elevated with pancreatitis amples
Lipase increase with pancreatitis
Alpha-fetoprotein increase in liver cancer,
cirrhosis, heptatis ammonia increase in liver
disease
20. What happens Neuro problems
when ammonia Lactulose is used to eliminate ammonia,
causing diarrhea, is elevated?
21. Fecal Occult Stool sample taken and tested for hidden blood
Blood Test Most common Hemocult2
22. Fecal occult Instruct client to restrict anticoagulants,
NSAIDS 7 days before test and apply blood test in- dietary
restrictions 48 hours until test. Restrictions include vit c
enriched food, structions beets, red meat, horseradish
etc.
No active hemorrhoids
Take a sample for three
consecutive days
, 23. What diagnostic CBC, metabolic, stool samples, urinalysis
(pancreatic) labs are normally liver panel (liver problem),
preformed to assess
GI function?
24. Urea breath test Done to detect H.pylori bacteria in GI
system.
If CO2 level is high after drinking solution, H pylori is
present.
25. Urea breath test Client NPO 1 hour before test and stop
taking any antacids, PPI, antimicrobials instructions several
weeks before (anything to alter stomach)
Client breaths in bag to obtain baseline CO2 then
client drinks special carbon enriched urea solution
26. Esophageal Recorder lower esophageal sphincter pressure and
Manometry peristaltic activity of the esophagus
Used to diagnosed GERD
Shows if esophagus can handle food and problems
swallowing
27. Esophageal -NPO before procedure
Manometry -Clients stop taking anticholinergics, pain meds,
Instructions antacids, PPIs, h2 blockers before procedure
-tiny tube with multiple sensors will be passed
through nose down to esophagus, where tube exits
the nose connected to a device that records video and
plots the graph
-Pressure exerted by esophageal muscle at rest and
with small sips of water is
