NURS 212 Pathology Exam 1 Flashcards inclusive of
questions and well stated answers
Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Used to explain ability and capacity when faced with the
demands of living.
Cognition - CORRECT ANSWERS-Needed to adequately appraise an event.
Coping - CORRECT ANSWERS-Usually associated with successful adaptation.
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-When every cell in body maintains a dynamic, steady state of
internal balance.
Hypothalamic-mediated response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Physiological or behavioral change coordinated
by the hypothalamus (central role in homeostasis).
Common Types of Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes physical, chemical, biological, social, cultural,
and psychological stressors.
Physical Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-External-Temperature extremes, lack of sleep; Internal-
Headache, abdominal pain.
Chemical Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Toxic gases.
Biological Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Bacteria, virus.
Social Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Overcrowded living conditions.
Cultural Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Behavioral norms.
,Psychological Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Feelings of hopelessness, unrealistic expectations.
Risk Factors that Lead to Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes unsafe behaviors, genetic
predispositions, early life experiences, and lack of immunizations.
The Stress Response - CORRECT ANSWERS-A mechanism which assists the organism in reacting to a
stressor.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Concept coined by Hans Selye describing the
body's response to stress.
Alarm Reaction - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fight or flight response; hypothalamus signals adrenal glands to
release adrenaline and cortisol.
Resistance - CORRECT ANSWERS-If stress continues, the body adapts, although some are still allergic and
stress hormones help to cope.
Exhaustion - CORRECT ANSWERS-Prolonged or chronic stress leading to energy supply depletion and
possible death.
Alert - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hypothalamus senses need to activate GAS response.
Resistance (Recovery) - CORRECT ANSWERS-State of homeostasis achieved (allostasis) after stressor
resolves.
Positive Coping Skills - CORRECT ANSWERS-Examples include exercise and yoga, which promote health.
,Negative Coping - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes overeating and smoking, leading to various health
issues.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, reducing
blood flow to heart muscles.
Hypertension (HTN) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increases risk of CAD, stroke, kidney disease.
Neurohormonal Mediators in Stress - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes catecholamines, adrenocortical
steroids, endorphins, sex hormones, and growth hormones.
Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS-The result of a cell exceeding its adaptive capability in response to a
stress/stimulus.
Reversible Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS-Injury which does not result in cell death.
Irreversible Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS-Injury that results in cell death, which can be apoptosis or
necrosis.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Tightly regulated/tidy controlled cell death.
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Messy uncontrolled cell death.
Adaptation (Cell Level) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The cell's attempt to maintain normal homeostasis under
stress.
Nonspecific immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-First line of defense (surface barriers); Intact skin, mucous
membranes and secretions.
, Second-lines of defenses - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inflammation (biochemical barrier) and fever, natural
killer cells.
Phagocytic white blood cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cells involved in the immune response that engulf
and digest foreign particles.
Immune response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Third-line of defense: sensitized lymphocytes and antibodies.
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-A biochemical response that occurs in vascularized tissue in
response to cell injury.
Purposes of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Neutralize and destroy harmful agents, protect area
from further injury, remove damaged tissue, generate new tissue.
Characteristics of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immediate but short term protection; nonspecific
response; does not have memory.
Acute inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lasts a few minutes to several days.
Chronic inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lasts weeks to years.
Restorative inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Repair phase of inflammation.
Signs of local changes in inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Redness, swelling, heat, pain or discomfort,
impaired function.
Systematic changes in inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fever, malaise, muscle catabolism.
questions and well stated answers
Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Used to explain ability and capacity when faced with the
demands of living.
Cognition - CORRECT ANSWERS-Needed to adequately appraise an event.
Coping - CORRECT ANSWERS-Usually associated with successful adaptation.
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-When every cell in body maintains a dynamic, steady state of
internal balance.
Hypothalamic-mediated response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Physiological or behavioral change coordinated
by the hypothalamus (central role in homeostasis).
Common Types of Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes physical, chemical, biological, social, cultural,
and psychological stressors.
Physical Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-External-Temperature extremes, lack of sleep; Internal-
Headache, abdominal pain.
Chemical Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Toxic gases.
Biological Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Bacteria, virus.
Social Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Overcrowded living conditions.
Cultural Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Behavioral norms.
,Psychological Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Feelings of hopelessness, unrealistic expectations.
Risk Factors that Lead to Stressors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes unsafe behaviors, genetic
predispositions, early life experiences, and lack of immunizations.
The Stress Response - CORRECT ANSWERS-A mechanism which assists the organism in reacting to a
stressor.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Concept coined by Hans Selye describing the
body's response to stress.
Alarm Reaction - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fight or flight response; hypothalamus signals adrenal glands to
release adrenaline and cortisol.
Resistance - CORRECT ANSWERS-If stress continues, the body adapts, although some are still allergic and
stress hormones help to cope.
Exhaustion - CORRECT ANSWERS-Prolonged or chronic stress leading to energy supply depletion and
possible death.
Alert - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hypothalamus senses need to activate GAS response.
Resistance (Recovery) - CORRECT ANSWERS-State of homeostasis achieved (allostasis) after stressor
resolves.
Positive Coping Skills - CORRECT ANSWERS-Examples include exercise and yoga, which promote health.
,Negative Coping - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes overeating and smoking, leading to various health
issues.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, reducing
blood flow to heart muscles.
Hypertension (HTN) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increases risk of CAD, stroke, kidney disease.
Neurohormonal Mediators in Stress - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes catecholamines, adrenocortical
steroids, endorphins, sex hormones, and growth hormones.
Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS-The result of a cell exceeding its adaptive capability in response to a
stress/stimulus.
Reversible Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS-Injury which does not result in cell death.
Irreversible Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS-Injury that results in cell death, which can be apoptosis or
necrosis.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Tightly regulated/tidy controlled cell death.
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Messy uncontrolled cell death.
Adaptation (Cell Level) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The cell's attempt to maintain normal homeostasis under
stress.
Nonspecific immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-First line of defense (surface barriers); Intact skin, mucous
membranes and secretions.
, Second-lines of defenses - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inflammation (biochemical barrier) and fever, natural
killer cells.
Phagocytic white blood cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cells involved in the immune response that engulf
and digest foreign particles.
Immune response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Third-line of defense: sensitized lymphocytes and antibodies.
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-A biochemical response that occurs in vascularized tissue in
response to cell injury.
Purposes of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Neutralize and destroy harmful agents, protect area
from further injury, remove damaged tissue, generate new tissue.
Characteristics of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immediate but short term protection; nonspecific
response; does not have memory.
Acute inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lasts a few minutes to several days.
Chronic inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lasts weeks to years.
Restorative inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Repair phase of inflammation.
Signs of local changes in inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Redness, swelling, heat, pain or discomfort,
impaired function.
Systematic changes in inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fever, malaise, muscle catabolism.
