FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY JEFFREY
C CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026
PATHOGENESIS AND LABORATORY
IDENTIFICATION METHODS
◉ Robert Hooke. Answer: In 1665, Robert Hooke reported that living
things were composed of little boxes or cells.
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: Pasteur showed that microbes are
responsible for fermentation. Beginning with Pasteur's work,
discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease,
immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
◉ Koch. Answer: 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium
causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch's
postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific
disease.
◉ Lister. Answer: 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant
to prevent surgical wound infections
◉ Flemming. Answer: 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first
antibiotic.
, ◉ Jenner. Answer: 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with
cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.
◉ Semmelwise. Answer: 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated
handwashing to prevent transmission of fever from one patient to
another.
◉ Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis. Answer:
◉ Prokaryotic Cells. Answer: -single cell
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-smaller than eukaryotes
ex: bacteria, archae
◉ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: -single or multicellular
-has a nucleus
-has organelles
-bigger than prokaryotes
ex: humans, fungi
C CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026
PATHOGENESIS AND LABORATORY
IDENTIFICATION METHODS
◉ Robert Hooke. Answer: In 1665, Robert Hooke reported that living
things were composed of little boxes or cells.
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: Pasteur showed that microbes are
responsible for fermentation. Beginning with Pasteur's work,
discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease,
immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
◉ Koch. Answer: 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium
causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch's
postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific
disease.
◉ Lister. Answer: 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant
to prevent surgical wound infections
◉ Flemming. Answer: 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first
antibiotic.
, ◉ Jenner. Answer: 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with
cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.
◉ Semmelwise. Answer: 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated
handwashing to prevent transmission of fever from one patient to
another.
◉ Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis. Answer:
◉ Prokaryotic Cells. Answer: -single cell
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-smaller than eukaryotes
ex: bacteria, archae
◉ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: -single or multicellular
-has a nucleus
-has organelles
-bigger than prokaryotes
ex: humans, fungi
