SUMMARY: IMMUNOLOGICAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
G0P77a
2025-2026
SCHAKELJAAR: BIOCHEMIE EN BIOTEHNOLOGIE
,Lowie Boels Immunological biotechnology
1. Common causes of disease in humans................................................................................................ 3
2. Phases of the immune response .......................................................................................................... 3
1. Basic concepts of immunobiology .............................................................................................................. 5
1. Cells of the immune system ........................................................................................................... 5
2. The e ector mechanism of immunity ............................................................................................. 9
2. Innate immunity ...................................................................................................................................... 11
3. The early induced immunity...................................................................................................................... 16
4. Adaptive immunity – B cells ...................................................................................................................... 22
1. Structure of B cell receptor and antibody molecule ....................................................................... 22
2. The interaction of an antibody with a specific antigen .................................................................... 23
3. The generation of lymphocyte receptors ............................................................................................ 24
4. Somatic hypermutations and class switching..................................................................................... 26
5. The adaptieve immunity – T cells .............................................................................................................. 29
1. T cell receptor structure ............................................................................................................... 29
2. Co-receptors of the T cell receptor ................................................................................................ 32
3. Antigen presentation to T cells ...................................................................................................... 33
4. The generation of αβ T cell receptor ligands ................................................................................... 33
5. Petide MHCII complexs are generated in acidified endocytic vesicles form proteins obtained by
endocytosis, phagocytosis and autophagy ................................................................................................ 34
6. Intracellular signalling of B and T cells ITAM’s................................................................................. 36
7. Evolution of the adaptive immune system .......................................................................................... 36
6. MHC and it’s functions ............................................................................................................................. 37
1. The Function of MHC ............................................................................................................................ 37
1. Development of T lymphocytes ..................................................................................................... 40
2. Development of B lymphocytes .................................................................................................... 46
8. T cell mediated immunity ........................................................................................................................ 52
1. The T-Cell Journey: From Naive to E ector ............................................................................................. 52
2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs (SLOs) ..................................................................................................... 52
3. T-Cell Entry into Lymph Nodes .............................................................................................................. 53
4. The Key Players: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) .......................................................................... 54
5. E ector T cells ............................................................................................................................. 58
9. The humoral immune respons ........................................................................................................... 62
1. Overview of Humoral Immune Response ............................................................................................... 62
2. B-cell activation .................................................................................................................................. 62
3. Somatic Hypermutation and A inity Maturation..................................................................................... 66
4. Thymus-Independent Antigens and B Cell Responses ................................................................... 68
1
,Lowie Boels Immunological biotechnology
5. Distribution and Functions of Immunoglobulin Classes ......................................................................... 69
10. Integrated dynamics of innate and adaptive immunity ............................................................................. 72
1. Temporal and Spatial Coordination of the Immune Response ................................................................. 72
2. The Concept of Immune Modules ......................................................................................................... 74
3. Integration of Humoral Immunity (Antibodies) .................................................................................... 77
4. Immunological Memory .................................................................................................................... 78
11. The mucosal immune system ................................................................................................................ 80
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 80
2. The Dual States of Mucosal Immunity.................................................................................................... 80
3. Distinctive Anatomical and Cellular Features ........................................................................................ 81
4. Antigen Handling and Immune Cell Navigation...................................................................................... 81
5. Mechanisms of Active Tolerance and Homeostasis ....................................................................... 83
12. Failures of the immune response ............................................................................................................ 84
1. Introduction to Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID)............................................................................. 84
2. Human Immunodeficiency Syndromes ............................................................................................. 84
3. Newborn Immunity ........................................................................................................................... 85
4. Defects in Activation and Signaling ................................................................................................... 85
5. Autoinflammatory Diseases .............................................................................................................. 86
6. Pathogen Evasion Strategies .............................................................................................................. 87
7. Viruses ............................................................................................................................................. 88
8. Allergies (Hypersensitivity) ................................................................................................................ 89
9. Autoimmunity ................................................................................................................................... 91
10. Pregnancy .................................................................................................................................... 93
13. Manipulation of the immune response .................................................................................................... 94
1. Introduction to Immune Manipulation .................................................................................................. 94
2. Vaccination.................................................................................................................................. 94
3. Using the Immune Response to Fight Tumors ................................................................................ 95
4. Treatment of Unwanted Immune Responses (Autoimmunity) ......................................................... 97
2
, Lowie Boels Immunological biotechnology
1. Common causes of disease in humans
2. Phases of the immune response
The innate immune response is an immediate response and happens in minutes but can last days
The adaptive immunie respons involves T-cells, B cells and antibodies
Example:
o A pathogen enther your body and is recognized which induces inflammation due to the innate
immune response
o The adaptive immune response is later on activated due to the specificity in B and T cells
antibodies are produced against the antigen that was presented by macrophages to the T and B
cells
o Once this pathogen is recognized and antibodies are produced the immune response for next
time will be faster and stronger
3
BIOTECHNOLOGY
G0P77a
2025-2026
SCHAKELJAAR: BIOCHEMIE EN BIOTEHNOLOGIE
,Lowie Boels Immunological biotechnology
1. Common causes of disease in humans................................................................................................ 3
2. Phases of the immune response .......................................................................................................... 3
1. Basic concepts of immunobiology .............................................................................................................. 5
1. Cells of the immune system ........................................................................................................... 5
2. The e ector mechanism of immunity ............................................................................................. 9
2. Innate immunity ...................................................................................................................................... 11
3. The early induced immunity...................................................................................................................... 16
4. Adaptive immunity – B cells ...................................................................................................................... 22
1. Structure of B cell receptor and antibody molecule ....................................................................... 22
2. The interaction of an antibody with a specific antigen .................................................................... 23
3. The generation of lymphocyte receptors ............................................................................................ 24
4. Somatic hypermutations and class switching..................................................................................... 26
5. The adaptieve immunity – T cells .............................................................................................................. 29
1. T cell receptor structure ............................................................................................................... 29
2. Co-receptors of the T cell receptor ................................................................................................ 32
3. Antigen presentation to T cells ...................................................................................................... 33
4. The generation of αβ T cell receptor ligands ................................................................................... 33
5. Petide MHCII complexs are generated in acidified endocytic vesicles form proteins obtained by
endocytosis, phagocytosis and autophagy ................................................................................................ 34
6. Intracellular signalling of B and T cells ITAM’s................................................................................. 36
7. Evolution of the adaptive immune system .......................................................................................... 36
6. MHC and it’s functions ............................................................................................................................. 37
1. The Function of MHC ............................................................................................................................ 37
1. Development of T lymphocytes ..................................................................................................... 40
2. Development of B lymphocytes .................................................................................................... 46
8. T cell mediated immunity ........................................................................................................................ 52
1. The T-Cell Journey: From Naive to E ector ............................................................................................. 52
2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs (SLOs) ..................................................................................................... 52
3. T-Cell Entry into Lymph Nodes .............................................................................................................. 53
4. The Key Players: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) .......................................................................... 54
5. E ector T cells ............................................................................................................................. 58
9. The humoral immune respons ........................................................................................................... 62
1. Overview of Humoral Immune Response ............................................................................................... 62
2. B-cell activation .................................................................................................................................. 62
3. Somatic Hypermutation and A inity Maturation..................................................................................... 66
4. Thymus-Independent Antigens and B Cell Responses ................................................................... 68
1
,Lowie Boels Immunological biotechnology
5. Distribution and Functions of Immunoglobulin Classes ......................................................................... 69
10. Integrated dynamics of innate and adaptive immunity ............................................................................. 72
1. Temporal and Spatial Coordination of the Immune Response ................................................................. 72
2. The Concept of Immune Modules ......................................................................................................... 74
3. Integration of Humoral Immunity (Antibodies) .................................................................................... 77
4. Immunological Memory .................................................................................................................... 78
11. The mucosal immune system ................................................................................................................ 80
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 80
2. The Dual States of Mucosal Immunity.................................................................................................... 80
3. Distinctive Anatomical and Cellular Features ........................................................................................ 81
4. Antigen Handling and Immune Cell Navigation...................................................................................... 81
5. Mechanisms of Active Tolerance and Homeostasis ....................................................................... 83
12. Failures of the immune response ............................................................................................................ 84
1. Introduction to Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID)............................................................................. 84
2. Human Immunodeficiency Syndromes ............................................................................................. 84
3. Newborn Immunity ........................................................................................................................... 85
4. Defects in Activation and Signaling ................................................................................................... 85
5. Autoinflammatory Diseases .............................................................................................................. 86
6. Pathogen Evasion Strategies .............................................................................................................. 87
7. Viruses ............................................................................................................................................. 88
8. Allergies (Hypersensitivity) ................................................................................................................ 89
9. Autoimmunity ................................................................................................................................... 91
10. Pregnancy .................................................................................................................................... 93
13. Manipulation of the immune response .................................................................................................... 94
1. Introduction to Immune Manipulation .................................................................................................. 94
2. Vaccination.................................................................................................................................. 94
3. Using the Immune Response to Fight Tumors ................................................................................ 95
4. Treatment of Unwanted Immune Responses (Autoimmunity) ......................................................... 97
2
, Lowie Boels Immunological biotechnology
1. Common causes of disease in humans
2. Phases of the immune response
The innate immune response is an immediate response and happens in minutes but can last days
The adaptive immunie respons involves T-cells, B cells and antibodies
Example:
o A pathogen enther your body and is recognized which induces inflammation due to the innate
immune response
o The adaptive immune response is later on activated due to the specificity in B and T cells
antibodies are produced against the antigen that was presented by macrophages to the T and B
cells
o Once this pathogen is recognized and antibodies are produced the immune response for next
time will be faster and stronger
3
