Advanced Pharmacology Exam 3
(2026) UPDATE Verified Questions And
Answers | With 100% Correct Answers
graded A+ Guaranteed Success!!
Hypertension -Answer--Classification is determined based on the average of two or
more properly measured seated blood pressure measurements from two or more
more clinical encounters. If systolic and diastolic BP yield different classifications, the
highest category is used for the purpose of determining a classification.
JNC VIII --> just know that these recommendations are much looser than the JNC
VII, and that pt with heart disease are no longer included in guidelines!
Blood Pressure -Answer--Based on the mathematical equation:
BP = CO (cardiac output) x SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
Increased BP can result either from increase in CO or increase in SVR
-These are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS system!
Regulation of Blood Pressure -Answer--Causes of increased CO:
-Increased fluid volume (excess sodium and water)
-Excess stimulation of the RAAS
-Sympathetic nervous system overactivity
Causes of increased SVR:
-Excess stimulation of RAAS
-Sympathetic nervous system overactivity
Diuretics -Answer--in the normal adult approx 180 L of fluid is filtered by the kidneys
each day (with 25,000 mEq of Na)
Balance is maintained by the reabsorption of sodium along the entire length of the
nephron --> as you move through the nephrons you have less reabsorption (H2O
follows Na!)
,There are two decreases in BP:
-Initial BP decrease --> decrease blood volume resulting in decreased CO;
compensatory increase in SVR (activation of RAAS and SNS)
-Sustained BP decrease --> decreases SVR resulting in decreased Na-content of
smooth muscle cells
Decreased CO, Decreased SVR, Decreased Blood Vol.
Classified based on MOA in the nephron:
-carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
-loop diuretics
-thiazide diuretics
-K-sparing diuretics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors -Answer--Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Therapeutic uses: glaucoma, urinary alkalinization, metabolic alkalosis (creates
metabolic acidosis), acute mountain sickness
*NOT an effective class to use for diuresis and therefore not routinely used to tx HTN
(because not potent)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Mechanism of Action -Answer--Block NaHCO3
reabsorption and cause diuresis predominantly in the proximal tubule
Not as potent because not affecting the more potent channels
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Adverse Effects -Answer--Hyperchloremic metabolic
acidosis --> losing Na and Bicarb!
Renal stones
Drowsiness
Paresthesias
Hypersensitivity reactions
*Note: these are not usually used as oral agents, these are the systemic effects of
oral use
Loop Diuretics -Answer--Furosemide (Lasix) --> 10-100% bioavailability (oral =
~50%)
Bumetanide (Bumex) --> 80-100% bioavailability
Torsemide (Demadex) --> 80-100% bioavailability
Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
Oral and IV preparations
, Short half-life (2-6 h) --> need to be administered multiple times each day for
continuous fluid removal
Excreted by the kidneys (prolonged renal half-life)
Therapeutic uses:
-states of volume overload *very effective for fluid elimination*
-less extensively used in the maintenance tx of HTN
-hyperkalemia --> works on other electrolytes
Loop Diuretic Mechanism of Action -Answer---Inhibits Na reabsorption in the
ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
-Promotes up to 25% Na and water excretion
-Increases urinary excretion of other electrolytes
*Most potent diuretics - inhibit up to 25% of Na and H2O reabsorption*
Loop Diuretic Adverse Effects -Answer---Hypotension
-Hyponatremia
-Hypochloremia
-Hypokalemia
-Hypomagnesemia
-Hypocalcemia
-Ototoxicity --> require GRAMS of diuretics, will give pt who require high doses
hearing exams because it is IRREVERSIBLE
Furosemide PO : Furosemide IV -Answer--2 : 1
Furosemide IV : Torsemide IV -Answer--40 mg : 20 mg
Furosemide IV : Bumetanide IV -Answer--40 mg : 1 mg
Torsemide IV : Torsemide PO -Answer--1 : 1
Dose Dependent Diuresis -Answer--Loop diuretics are dose dependent until a
certain point, each pt will have a plateau/ceiling effect (though this dose differs
person-to-person)
Thiazide Diuretics Mechanism of Action -Answer---Inhibit Na reabsorption in the
*distal tubule*
-Promotes up to 10% of Na and H2O excretion
-Increase urinary excretion of other electrolytes
(2026) UPDATE Verified Questions And
Answers | With 100% Correct Answers
graded A+ Guaranteed Success!!
Hypertension -Answer--Classification is determined based on the average of two or
more properly measured seated blood pressure measurements from two or more
more clinical encounters. If systolic and diastolic BP yield different classifications, the
highest category is used for the purpose of determining a classification.
JNC VIII --> just know that these recommendations are much looser than the JNC
VII, and that pt with heart disease are no longer included in guidelines!
Blood Pressure -Answer--Based on the mathematical equation:
BP = CO (cardiac output) x SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
Increased BP can result either from increase in CO or increase in SVR
-These are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS system!
Regulation of Blood Pressure -Answer--Causes of increased CO:
-Increased fluid volume (excess sodium and water)
-Excess stimulation of the RAAS
-Sympathetic nervous system overactivity
Causes of increased SVR:
-Excess stimulation of RAAS
-Sympathetic nervous system overactivity
Diuretics -Answer--in the normal adult approx 180 L of fluid is filtered by the kidneys
each day (with 25,000 mEq of Na)
Balance is maintained by the reabsorption of sodium along the entire length of the
nephron --> as you move through the nephrons you have less reabsorption (H2O
follows Na!)
,There are two decreases in BP:
-Initial BP decrease --> decrease blood volume resulting in decreased CO;
compensatory increase in SVR (activation of RAAS and SNS)
-Sustained BP decrease --> decreases SVR resulting in decreased Na-content of
smooth muscle cells
Decreased CO, Decreased SVR, Decreased Blood Vol.
Classified based on MOA in the nephron:
-carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
-loop diuretics
-thiazide diuretics
-K-sparing diuretics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors -Answer--Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Therapeutic uses: glaucoma, urinary alkalinization, metabolic alkalosis (creates
metabolic acidosis), acute mountain sickness
*NOT an effective class to use for diuresis and therefore not routinely used to tx HTN
(because not potent)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Mechanism of Action -Answer--Block NaHCO3
reabsorption and cause diuresis predominantly in the proximal tubule
Not as potent because not affecting the more potent channels
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Adverse Effects -Answer--Hyperchloremic metabolic
acidosis --> losing Na and Bicarb!
Renal stones
Drowsiness
Paresthesias
Hypersensitivity reactions
*Note: these are not usually used as oral agents, these are the systemic effects of
oral use
Loop Diuretics -Answer--Furosemide (Lasix) --> 10-100% bioavailability (oral =
~50%)
Bumetanide (Bumex) --> 80-100% bioavailability
Torsemide (Demadex) --> 80-100% bioavailability
Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
Oral and IV preparations
, Short half-life (2-6 h) --> need to be administered multiple times each day for
continuous fluid removal
Excreted by the kidneys (prolonged renal half-life)
Therapeutic uses:
-states of volume overload *very effective for fluid elimination*
-less extensively used in the maintenance tx of HTN
-hyperkalemia --> works on other electrolytes
Loop Diuretic Mechanism of Action -Answer---Inhibits Na reabsorption in the
ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
-Promotes up to 25% Na and water excretion
-Increases urinary excretion of other electrolytes
*Most potent diuretics - inhibit up to 25% of Na and H2O reabsorption*
Loop Diuretic Adverse Effects -Answer---Hypotension
-Hyponatremia
-Hypochloremia
-Hypokalemia
-Hypomagnesemia
-Hypocalcemia
-Ototoxicity --> require GRAMS of diuretics, will give pt who require high doses
hearing exams because it is IRREVERSIBLE
Furosemide PO : Furosemide IV -Answer--2 : 1
Furosemide IV : Torsemide IV -Answer--40 mg : 20 mg
Furosemide IV : Bumetanide IV -Answer--40 mg : 1 mg
Torsemide IV : Torsemide PO -Answer--1 : 1
Dose Dependent Diuresis -Answer--Loop diuretics are dose dependent until a
certain point, each pt will have a plateau/ceiling effect (though this dose differs
person-to-person)
Thiazide Diuretics Mechanism of Action -Answer---Inhibit Na reabsorption in the
*distal tubule*
-Promotes up to 10% of Na and H2O excretion
-Increase urinary excretion of other electrolytes
