Pulmonary edema - ANSWERNitroglycerin - reduce preload
loop diuretic - promote diuresis and venodilation
morphine - reduce anxiety
ACE inhibitors - reduce afterload
Ventricular tachycardia - ANSWER3 or more ventricular contractions in a row at a rate of 100-200 bpm.
Defibrillate if patient is unconscious or unstable
Cardiac tamponade - ANSWERS/S: decresed chest tube drainage, muffled heart sounds, tachycardia,
pulsus paradoxus, and decreased urinary output.
if chest tube is kinked/blocked you can milk it but not strip it.
cardiac ischemia - ANSWERcharacterized by inverted T waves
(ST segment will elevate as heart muscle is damaged and elevated symmetrical T waves will form)
Q wave MI - ANSWERQ or QS waves develop as repolarization is altered or absent
Q wave changes are usually permanent
Pericardities - ANSWERsudden onset of intermittent substernal pain that refers to the neck, arm, and
back
angina pain - ANSWERrelated to exertion and lasts 5-15 min.
Felt substernal or retrosternal, radiating across the chest and sometimes in the neck, arm, and jaw.
, Myocardial pain - ANSWERlasts over 15 min and occurs spontaineously or after unstable angina
It is substernal or over the pericardium with possible spread across the shoulders and hands
Anxiety pain - ANSWERlasts 2-3 min
tends to occur across the chest and not radiate
possible numbness in the hands and mouth
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) - ANSWERA ratio derived by dividing the ankle blood pressure by the brachial
blood pressure; this calculation is used to assess the vascular status of the lower extremities. To obtain
the ABI, a blood pressure cuff is applied to the lower extremities just above the malleoli. The systolic
pressure is measured by Doppler ultrasound at both the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. The
higher of these two pressures is then divided by the higher of the two brachial pulses.
>1.2 - possible calcification in vessel walls
1-1.2 - Normal
.9-.99 - acceptable
.8-.89 - some arterial disease
0.5-0.79 - moderate arterial disease (intermittent claudication)
<0.5 - severe disease, ischemia
S4 sounds - ANSWERAtrial Gallop - Extra beat occurring just before s1
associated with:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- hypertension
- aortic stenosis
loop diuretic - promote diuresis and venodilation
morphine - reduce anxiety
ACE inhibitors - reduce afterload
Ventricular tachycardia - ANSWER3 or more ventricular contractions in a row at a rate of 100-200 bpm.
Defibrillate if patient is unconscious or unstable
Cardiac tamponade - ANSWERS/S: decresed chest tube drainage, muffled heart sounds, tachycardia,
pulsus paradoxus, and decreased urinary output.
if chest tube is kinked/blocked you can milk it but not strip it.
cardiac ischemia - ANSWERcharacterized by inverted T waves
(ST segment will elevate as heart muscle is damaged and elevated symmetrical T waves will form)
Q wave MI - ANSWERQ or QS waves develop as repolarization is altered or absent
Q wave changes are usually permanent
Pericardities - ANSWERsudden onset of intermittent substernal pain that refers to the neck, arm, and
back
angina pain - ANSWERrelated to exertion and lasts 5-15 min.
Felt substernal or retrosternal, radiating across the chest and sometimes in the neck, arm, and jaw.
, Myocardial pain - ANSWERlasts over 15 min and occurs spontaineously or after unstable angina
It is substernal or over the pericardium with possible spread across the shoulders and hands
Anxiety pain - ANSWERlasts 2-3 min
tends to occur across the chest and not radiate
possible numbness in the hands and mouth
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) - ANSWERA ratio derived by dividing the ankle blood pressure by the brachial
blood pressure; this calculation is used to assess the vascular status of the lower extremities. To obtain
the ABI, a blood pressure cuff is applied to the lower extremities just above the malleoli. The systolic
pressure is measured by Doppler ultrasound at both the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. The
higher of these two pressures is then divided by the higher of the two brachial pulses.
>1.2 - possible calcification in vessel walls
1-1.2 - Normal
.9-.99 - acceptable
.8-.89 - some arterial disease
0.5-0.79 - moderate arterial disease (intermittent claudication)
<0.5 - severe disease, ischemia
S4 sounds - ANSWERAtrial Gallop - Extra beat occurring just before s1
associated with:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- hypertension
- aortic stenosis
