UTA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 REVIEW
PACK BUNDLED QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● What are the three key functions of the plasma membrane?.
Answer: Barrier function, transport regulation, and communication.
●● What occurs during hypoxia?.
Answer: Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and cellular
dysfunction, potentially resulting in cell death.
●● What are common causes of hypoxia?.
Answer: Ischemia, lung infections, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning,
and mitochondrial dysfunction.
●● What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?.
Answer: It serves as the cellular control center and contains DNA.
●● What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough
ER)?.
Answer: It synthesizes immunoglobulins.
,●● What is the mitochondria's role in the cell?.
Answer: It is known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP.
●● Define malignancy..
Answer: A complex response to cellular injury involving uncontrolled
growth, invasion, and metastasis.
●● What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?.
Answer: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death with inflammation, while
apoptosis is a controlled, programmed cell death without inflammation.
●● What happens to a cell during ischemia?.
Answer: Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion, cellular swelling, and
more severe cell injury compared to hypoxia.
●● What are the effects of free radicals on cells?.
Answer: They cause loss of membrane integrity, defective genetic repair,
and damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
●● What is cellular adaptation?.
Answer: Increased activity to maintain function, which can become
maladaptive and lead to ischemia and necrosis.
, ●● What is atrophy?.
Answer: A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal
withdrawal.
●● What is hypertrophy?.
Answer: An increase in cell size.
●● What is hyperplasia?.
Answer: An increase in cell number that is reversible.
●● What is metaplasia?.
Answer: The replacement of one tissue type with another.
●● What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell
damage?.
Answer: Reversible damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change,
while irreversible damage involves mitochondrial swelling and loss of
membrane integrity.
●● What determines sex differentiation in fetal development?.
Answer: The presence of the Y chromosome leads to male development,
while its absence results in female development.
PACK BUNDLED QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● What are the three key functions of the plasma membrane?.
Answer: Barrier function, transport regulation, and communication.
●● What occurs during hypoxia?.
Answer: Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and cellular
dysfunction, potentially resulting in cell death.
●● What are common causes of hypoxia?.
Answer: Ischemia, lung infections, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning,
and mitochondrial dysfunction.
●● What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?.
Answer: It serves as the cellular control center and contains DNA.
●● What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough
ER)?.
Answer: It synthesizes immunoglobulins.
,●● What is the mitochondria's role in the cell?.
Answer: It is known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP.
●● Define malignancy..
Answer: A complex response to cellular injury involving uncontrolled
growth, invasion, and metastasis.
●● What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?.
Answer: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death with inflammation, while
apoptosis is a controlled, programmed cell death without inflammation.
●● What happens to a cell during ischemia?.
Answer: Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion, cellular swelling, and
more severe cell injury compared to hypoxia.
●● What are the effects of free radicals on cells?.
Answer: They cause loss of membrane integrity, defective genetic repair,
and damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
●● What is cellular adaptation?.
Answer: Increased activity to maintain function, which can become
maladaptive and lead to ischemia and necrosis.
, ●● What is atrophy?.
Answer: A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal
withdrawal.
●● What is hypertrophy?.
Answer: An increase in cell size.
●● What is hyperplasia?.
Answer: An increase in cell number that is reversible.
●● What is metaplasia?.
Answer: The replacement of one tissue type with another.
●● What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell
damage?.
Answer: Reversible damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change,
while irreversible damage involves mitochondrial swelling and loss of
membrane integrity.
●● What determines sex differentiation in fetal development?.
Answer: The presence of the Y chromosome leads to male development,
while its absence results in female development.
