elitedocs
elitedocs
Instructor’s Manual with Test Items
to accompany
Applied Behavior Analysis
Third Edition
John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward
All, Ohio State University
elitedocs
Updated and Expanded for 3 rd Edition by
Janelle Allison, Behavior Development Solutions ● Kim M. Kelly, Behavior Development
Solutions ● Nicole Davis, Northeastern University ● Jonathan Kimball, Behavior Development
Solutions ● Stephen Eversole, Behavior Development Solutions
Originally Prepared by
Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson,
Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ●
Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University
Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Columbus, Ohio
elitedocs elitedocs
,elitedocs
elitedocs
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis .............................................................. 1
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts and Principles................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 3: Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors ............................................................................................... 9
Chapter 4: Measuring Behavior ............................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 5: Improving and Assessing the Quality of Behavioral Measurement ................................................... 14
Chapter 6: Constructing and Interpreting Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data ............................................... 16
Chapter 7: Analyzing Behavior Change: Basic Assumptions and Strategies ....................................................... 19
Chapter 8: Reversal and Multielement Designs ...................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 9: Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs ............................................................................ 25
Chapter 10: Planning and Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research ....................................................... 28
Chapter 11: Positive Reinforcement ........................................................................................................................ 33
Chapter 12: Negative Reinforcement....................................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 13: Schedules of Reinforcement ................................................................................................................ 40
elitedocs
Chapter 14: Positive Reinforcement ........................................................................................................................ 44
Chapter 15: Negative Punishment............................................................................................................................ 47
Chapter 16: Motivating Operations ......................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 17: Stimulus Control .................................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 18: Verbal Behavior.................................................................................................................................... 58
Chapter 19: Equivalence-Based Instruction ........................................................................................................... 63
Chapter 20: Engineering Emergent Learning with Nonequivalence Relations ................................................... 66
Chapter 21: Modeling, Imitation, and Observational Learning............................................................................ 70
Chapter 22: Shaping.................................................................................................................................................. 72
Chapter 23: Chaining ................................................................................................................................................ 76
Chapter 24: Extinction .............................................................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 25: Differential Reinforcement .................................................................................................................. 83
Chapter 26: Antecedent Interventions..................................................................................................................... 86
Chapter 27: Functional Behavior Assessment......................................................................................................... 92
Chapter 28: Token Economy, Group Contingencies, and Contingency Contracting .......................................... 97
Chapter 29: Self-Management................................................................................................................................ 100
Chapter 30: Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change ................................................................... 104
Chapter 31: Ethical and Professional Responsibilities of Applied Behavior Analysts ...................................... 108
iii
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
elitedocs elitedocs
,elitedocs
elitedocs
Test Questions and Answer Keys
Chapter 1 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 112
Chapter 2 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 1155
Chapter 3 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 119
Chapter 4 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 123
Chapter 5 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 127
Chapter 6 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 131
Chapter 7 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 137
Chapter 8 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 1422
Chapter 9 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 147
Chapter 10 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 150
Chapter 11 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 153
Chapter 12 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 158
Chapter 13 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 160
Chapter 14 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 164
elitedocs
Chapter 15 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 167
Chapter 16 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 171
Chapter 17 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 174
Chapter 18 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 177
Chapter 19 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 181
Chapter 20 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 186
Chapter 21 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 190
Chapter 22 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 193
Chapter 23 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 197
Chapter 24 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 201
Chapter 25 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 205
Chapter 26 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 209
Chapter 27 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 212
Chapter 28 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 220
Chapter 29 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 223
Chapter 30 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 226
Chapter 31 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 229
ANSWER KEYS ................................................................................................................................................. 233
iv
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
elitedocs elitedocs
, elitedocs
elitedocs
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
Chapter Summary
The word “science” is often used as a noun, conflated with its products—as in “What does science tell us?”—but
those products are outcomes of the behavior of large numbers of inquisitive individuals who engage in a systematic
approach for seeking and organizing information about the natural world. Science really has one overall goal: to
achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study, which, in the field of applied behavior analysis, is
socially important behavior that is meaningfully associated with an individual’s quality of life.
Different types of scientific investigation yield different degrees of understanding that represent progressively
greater ability to influence given phenomena. Description refers to a scientist collecting facts about entities or
events, which can raise interesting questions and establish hypotheses for further study. Prediction is the outcome of
more systematic observation when a scientist finds that two events often covary; when correlations are demonstrated
in this manner, the probability of one event occurring can be more confidently predicted given the presence of the
other event, although at this level the scientist cannot refer to the relationship between the two events as a causal
one. When a scientist actually manipulates events, however, and shows that a change they make in one event (an
“independent variable”) repeatedly results in some change in a second event (a target or “dependent variable”)—and
when they have accounted for and reduced the likelihood that some other variable is responsible for that change—
when, in other words, they have demonstrated a functional relationship between these variables, they have achieved
experimental control of the phenomena being studied. Behavior analysts consider control to be the most desirable
elitedocs
level of understanding because functional relations are the potential basis for developing applied techniques for
behavior change. In this respect, behavior analysis is characterized by pragmatism, the philosophical position that
the “truth” of scientific findings is to be judged by the extent to which they lead to effective action.
The pursuit of scientific understanding of natural phenomena—including behavior—is characterized by an
overriding set of assumptions and values: determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, and
philosophic doubt. Determinism—the notion that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all events occur
as the result of other events—is the assumption upon which scientific endeavors are predicated. Indeed, if events
were not determined in a reasonably orderly fashion—if phenomena randomly occurred simply as a matter of
chance—then there would be no basis for viable technologies of behavior change. The development of useful
behavior change techniques, in other words, rests on the belief that all behavior is the result of specifiable conditions
and that these conditions, once identified, can be managed in a way that will influence the future probability of
behavior. Other qualities that guide success in science include thoroughness, curiosity, perseverance, diligence,
ethics, and honesty.
John B. Watson—one of the first and best known individuals to identify as a “behaviorist” early in the 20 th
century—departed from psychology’s focus at the time on introspection and mental processes, and suggested that
human behavior could be studied using the observational tactics of natural science. His behaviorism, which came to
be known as S-R psychology—and also came to be known for fantastic claims—could not account for apparently
“spontaneous” acts: for behavior, in other words, that lacked obvious antecedents. Numerous efforts to fill these
explanatory gaps once again elevated mental states and constructs to causal status with respect to human behavior.
B. F. Skinner, in contrast, remained focused on environmental events and eventually showed, through what he called
the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), that much behavior is changed and maintained by the consequences it
produces. Thus Skinner identified operant behavior and elaborated Watson’s formulation with a new paradigm
called the three-term contingency (S-R-S), a model that remains the fundamental unit of study and focus of practice
in the four domains of modern behavior analysis: behaviorism, the experimental analysis of behavior, applied
behavior analysis (ABA), and behavior analytic practice. Skinner’s conceptual formulation of behaviorism—the
philosophical domain of behavior analysis—is known as radical behaviorism because it maintains that thoughts and
feelings (what he called “private events” that occur “inside the skin”) are simply less accessible forms of behavior
that otherwise can be understood in the same terms and studied by the same means as overt behavior, without
appealing to intervening hypothetical constructs.
1
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
elitedocs elitedocs
elitedocs
Instructor’s Manual with Test Items
to accompany
Applied Behavior Analysis
Third Edition
John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward
All, Ohio State University
elitedocs
Updated and Expanded for 3 rd Edition by
Janelle Allison, Behavior Development Solutions ● Kim M. Kelly, Behavior Development
Solutions ● Nicole Davis, Northeastern University ● Jonathan Kimball, Behavior Development
Solutions ● Stephen Eversole, Behavior Development Solutions
Originally Prepared by
Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson,
Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ●
Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University
Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Columbus, Ohio
elitedocs elitedocs
,elitedocs
elitedocs
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis .............................................................. 1
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts and Principles................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 3: Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors ............................................................................................... 9
Chapter 4: Measuring Behavior ............................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 5: Improving and Assessing the Quality of Behavioral Measurement ................................................... 14
Chapter 6: Constructing and Interpreting Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data ............................................... 16
Chapter 7: Analyzing Behavior Change: Basic Assumptions and Strategies ....................................................... 19
Chapter 8: Reversal and Multielement Designs ...................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 9: Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs ............................................................................ 25
Chapter 10: Planning and Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research ....................................................... 28
Chapter 11: Positive Reinforcement ........................................................................................................................ 33
Chapter 12: Negative Reinforcement....................................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 13: Schedules of Reinforcement ................................................................................................................ 40
elitedocs
Chapter 14: Positive Reinforcement ........................................................................................................................ 44
Chapter 15: Negative Punishment............................................................................................................................ 47
Chapter 16: Motivating Operations ......................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 17: Stimulus Control .................................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 18: Verbal Behavior.................................................................................................................................... 58
Chapter 19: Equivalence-Based Instruction ........................................................................................................... 63
Chapter 20: Engineering Emergent Learning with Nonequivalence Relations ................................................... 66
Chapter 21: Modeling, Imitation, and Observational Learning............................................................................ 70
Chapter 22: Shaping.................................................................................................................................................. 72
Chapter 23: Chaining ................................................................................................................................................ 76
Chapter 24: Extinction .............................................................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 25: Differential Reinforcement .................................................................................................................. 83
Chapter 26: Antecedent Interventions..................................................................................................................... 86
Chapter 27: Functional Behavior Assessment......................................................................................................... 92
Chapter 28: Token Economy, Group Contingencies, and Contingency Contracting .......................................... 97
Chapter 29: Self-Management................................................................................................................................ 100
Chapter 30: Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change ................................................................... 104
Chapter 31: Ethical and Professional Responsibilities of Applied Behavior Analysts ...................................... 108
iii
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
elitedocs elitedocs
,elitedocs
elitedocs
Test Questions and Answer Keys
Chapter 1 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 112
Chapter 2 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 1155
Chapter 3 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 119
Chapter 4 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 123
Chapter 5 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 127
Chapter 6 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 131
Chapter 7 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 137
Chapter 8 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 1422
Chapter 9 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................... 147
Chapter 10 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 150
Chapter 11 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 153
Chapter 12 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 158
Chapter 13 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 160
Chapter 14 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 164
elitedocs
Chapter 15 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 167
Chapter 16 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 171
Chapter 17 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 174
Chapter 18 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 177
Chapter 19 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 181
Chapter 20 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 186
Chapter 21 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 190
Chapter 22 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 193
Chapter 23 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 197
Chapter 24 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 201
Chapter 25 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 205
Chapter 26 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 209
Chapter 27 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 212
Chapter 28 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 220
Chapter 29 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 223
Chapter 30 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 226
Chapter 31 Test Questions ................................................................................................................................. 229
ANSWER KEYS ................................................................................................................................................. 233
iv
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
elitedocs elitedocs
, elitedocs
elitedocs
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
Chapter Summary
The word “science” is often used as a noun, conflated with its products—as in “What does science tell us?”—but
those products are outcomes of the behavior of large numbers of inquisitive individuals who engage in a systematic
approach for seeking and organizing information about the natural world. Science really has one overall goal: to
achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study, which, in the field of applied behavior analysis, is
socially important behavior that is meaningfully associated with an individual’s quality of life.
Different types of scientific investigation yield different degrees of understanding that represent progressively
greater ability to influence given phenomena. Description refers to a scientist collecting facts about entities or
events, which can raise interesting questions and establish hypotheses for further study. Prediction is the outcome of
more systematic observation when a scientist finds that two events often covary; when correlations are demonstrated
in this manner, the probability of one event occurring can be more confidently predicted given the presence of the
other event, although at this level the scientist cannot refer to the relationship between the two events as a causal
one. When a scientist actually manipulates events, however, and shows that a change they make in one event (an
“independent variable”) repeatedly results in some change in a second event (a target or “dependent variable”)—and
when they have accounted for and reduced the likelihood that some other variable is responsible for that change—
when, in other words, they have demonstrated a functional relationship between these variables, they have achieved
experimental control of the phenomena being studied. Behavior analysts consider control to be the most desirable
elitedocs
level of understanding because functional relations are the potential basis for developing applied techniques for
behavior change. In this respect, behavior analysis is characterized by pragmatism, the philosophical position that
the “truth” of scientific findings is to be judged by the extent to which they lead to effective action.
The pursuit of scientific understanding of natural phenomena—including behavior—is characterized by an
overriding set of assumptions and values: determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, and
philosophic doubt. Determinism—the notion that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all events occur
as the result of other events—is the assumption upon which scientific endeavors are predicated. Indeed, if events
were not determined in a reasonably orderly fashion—if phenomena randomly occurred simply as a matter of
chance—then there would be no basis for viable technologies of behavior change. The development of useful
behavior change techniques, in other words, rests on the belief that all behavior is the result of specifiable conditions
and that these conditions, once identified, can be managed in a way that will influence the future probability of
behavior. Other qualities that guide success in science include thoroughness, curiosity, perseverance, diligence,
ethics, and honesty.
John B. Watson—one of the first and best known individuals to identify as a “behaviorist” early in the 20 th
century—departed from psychology’s focus at the time on introspection and mental processes, and suggested that
human behavior could be studied using the observational tactics of natural science. His behaviorism, which came to
be known as S-R psychology—and also came to be known for fantastic claims—could not account for apparently
“spontaneous” acts: for behavior, in other words, that lacked obvious antecedents. Numerous efforts to fill these
explanatory gaps once again elevated mental states and constructs to causal status with respect to human behavior.
B. F. Skinner, in contrast, remained focused on environmental events and eventually showed, through what he called
the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), that much behavior is changed and maintained by the consequences it
produces. Thus Skinner identified operant behavior and elaborated Watson’s formulation with a new paradigm
called the three-term contingency (S-R-S), a model that remains the fundamental unit of study and focus of practice
in the four domains of modern behavior analysis: behaviorism, the experimental analysis of behavior, applied
behavior analysis (ABA), and behavior analytic practice. Skinner’s conceptual formulation of behaviorism—the
philosophical domain of behavior analysis—is known as radical behaviorism because it maintains that thoughts and
feelings (what he called “private events” that occur “inside the skin”) are simply less accessible forms of behavior
that otherwise can be understood in the same terms and studied by the same means as overt behavior, without
appealing to intervening hypothetical constructs.
1
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
elitedocs elitedocs
