Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice Exam 6 Study Guide 2026
|Maryville
1. Which component of the nursing metaparadigm is defined as the internal and
external surroundings that affect the client?
A. Health
B. Nursing
C. Person
D. Environment
Answer: D
Rationale: The environment includes all external conditions and influences affecting the
life and development of an organism.
2. According to Benner’s Stages of Clinical Competence, a nurse who has been
on the job for 2-3 years and can prioritize tasks based on conscious, abstract,
and analytical thinking is at which level?
A. Competent
B. Novice
C. Proficient
D. Expert
Answer: A
Rationale: The Competent nurse typically has 2 to 3 years of experience and is able to see
actions in terms of long-range goals or plans.
,3. In Martha Rogers’ Theory of Unitary Human Beings, what is the term for the
continuous, mutual process between human and environmental fields?
A. Resonancy
B. Homeostasis
C. Helicy
D. Integrality
Answer: D
Rationale: Integrality refers to the continuous, mutual process between human and
environmental fields.
4. Which middle-range theory focuses on the process of adapting to new
experiences, such as moving into an assisted living facility or becoming a
parent?
A. Theory of Comfort
B. Theory of Chronic Sorrow
C. Theory of Self-Transcendence
D. Theory of Transitions
Answer: D
Rationale: Afaf Meleis’ Theory of Transitions describes the process by which individuals
move from one state of being to another.
5. What is the primary focus of Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring?
A. Physical recovery of the patient
B. The nurse-patient relationship and the preservation of dignity
C. The efficiency of hospital management
D. Self-care deficits of the patient
Answer: B
Rationale: Watson focuses on carative factors and the spiritual and ethical aspects of
caring within the nurse-patient relationship.
, 6. Which pattern of knowing, identified by Carper, involves the use of scientific
knowledge and factual information?
A. Aesthetic knowing
B. Ethical knowing
C. Personal knowing
D. Empirical knowing
Answer: D
Rationale: Empirical knowing is the science of nursing; it is factual, descriptive, and aimed
at developing theoretical explanations.
7. According to Dorothea Orem, when is nursing care required?
A. When the patient is older than 65
B. When the patient has a chronic illness
C. Whenever a patient is admitted to a hospital
D. When a self-care deficit exists
Answer: D
Rationale: Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory posits that nursing is required when an adult is
incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self-care.
8. Which theorist developed the ‘Adaptation Model’ which views the person as
a biopsychosocial system?
A. Imogene King
B. Betty Neuman
C. Rosemarie Parse
D. Sister Callista Roy
Answer: D
Rationale: Roy’s Adaptation Model views the person as a set of interrelated systems
(biological, psychological, and social) seeking to maintain balance through adaptation.
|Maryville
1. Which component of the nursing metaparadigm is defined as the internal and
external surroundings that affect the client?
A. Health
B. Nursing
C. Person
D. Environment
Answer: D
Rationale: The environment includes all external conditions and influences affecting the
life and development of an organism.
2. According to Benner’s Stages of Clinical Competence, a nurse who has been
on the job for 2-3 years and can prioritize tasks based on conscious, abstract,
and analytical thinking is at which level?
A. Competent
B. Novice
C. Proficient
D. Expert
Answer: A
Rationale: The Competent nurse typically has 2 to 3 years of experience and is able to see
actions in terms of long-range goals or plans.
,3. In Martha Rogers’ Theory of Unitary Human Beings, what is the term for the
continuous, mutual process between human and environmental fields?
A. Resonancy
B. Homeostasis
C. Helicy
D. Integrality
Answer: D
Rationale: Integrality refers to the continuous, mutual process between human and
environmental fields.
4. Which middle-range theory focuses on the process of adapting to new
experiences, such as moving into an assisted living facility or becoming a
parent?
A. Theory of Comfort
B. Theory of Chronic Sorrow
C. Theory of Self-Transcendence
D. Theory of Transitions
Answer: D
Rationale: Afaf Meleis’ Theory of Transitions describes the process by which individuals
move from one state of being to another.
5. What is the primary focus of Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring?
A. Physical recovery of the patient
B. The nurse-patient relationship and the preservation of dignity
C. The efficiency of hospital management
D. Self-care deficits of the patient
Answer: B
Rationale: Watson focuses on carative factors and the spiritual and ethical aspects of
caring within the nurse-patient relationship.
, 6. Which pattern of knowing, identified by Carper, involves the use of scientific
knowledge and factual information?
A. Aesthetic knowing
B. Ethical knowing
C. Personal knowing
D. Empirical knowing
Answer: D
Rationale: Empirical knowing is the science of nursing; it is factual, descriptive, and aimed
at developing theoretical explanations.
7. According to Dorothea Orem, when is nursing care required?
A. When the patient is older than 65
B. When the patient has a chronic illness
C. Whenever a patient is admitted to a hospital
D. When a self-care deficit exists
Answer: D
Rationale: Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory posits that nursing is required when an adult is
incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self-care.
8. Which theorist developed the ‘Adaptation Model’ which views the person as
a biopsychosocial system?
A. Imogene King
B. Betty Neuman
C. Rosemarie Parse
D. Sister Callista Roy
Answer: D
Rationale: Roy’s Adaptation Model views the person as a set of interrelated systems
(biological, psychological, and social) seeking to maintain balance through adaptation.
