BIO 132 Exam 2 Questions With All Correct Answers Verified Answers 2025 Marking Scheme New Update

BIO 132 Exam 2 Questions With All Correct Answers Verified Answers 2025 Marking Scheme New Update Respiratory - Answer- Deliver O2 to cells and remove CO2 Cellular respiration - Answer- Takes place in mitochondria of cells and creates ATP. Form of oxidative phosphorylation External respiration - Answer- O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the environment and the cells of our body Ventilation - Answer- Environment - alveoli Gas exchange - Answer- Alveoli - pulmonary capillary blood Transport of respiratory - Answer- Blood - cells (3) Occurs by diffusion (passive/no atp) Other 2 occur by convective (needs atp) CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO-3 - Answer- Carbonic anhydrasd Carbonic acid Bicarbonate Increase H+ Decrease H+ - Answer- pH goes down pH goes up Hypoventilation - Answer- Increase CO2 Increase H+ Respiratory acidosis = to the right Hyperventilation - Answer- Decrease CO2 Decrease H+ Respiratory alkalosis = to the left Phonation - Answer- Make sound (phone) moves air across vocal cords Pulmonary defense mechanisms - Answer- Warm, humidify, and cleanse incoming air Pulmonary metabolism - Answer- Production of surfactants Bioactivation - Answer- Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) pulmonary capillaries 2 lungs - Answer- Left lung= 2 lobes (Upper + lower) Right lung= 3 lobes (Upper, middle, lower) Hilus - Answer- Airways and blood enter and leave (Highway) Visceral pluera - Answer- Outside of lungs Parietal pleura - Answer- Inside chest wall and diaphragm Intra pleural - Answer- Potential space in between layers Airways - Answer- 3 major groups Conducting airways - Answer- Warm humidify cleanse Respiratory portion - Answer- Gas exchange Upper airway - Answer- Nasal, pharynx, and larynx Lower airway - Answer- Trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchiole Muscles of respiration - Answer- Altering intrathoracic volume Airflow order - Answer- External bared Nasal cavity Internal nares Nasopharynx Convoluted surface - Answer- Turbulance Paranasal air sinuses - Answer- Enclosed spaces which communicate with nasal cavity When blocked = sinus pressure and possible infection (sinusitis) Meatus - Answer- Path of communication Nasaopharynx - Answer- -Lined by respiratory epithelium -Pharyngeal tonsil -Opening of eustachian tube The larynx composed of 3 major cartilages - Answer- Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis Prominence - Answer- Adams apple Both thyroid and cricoid - Answer- Are cylindrical Epiglottis - Answer- Bends to cover airway opening while swallowing to prevent aspiration Functions of larynx - Answer- -Cartilage prevent airway collapse -Sound production -Prevent substances from entering the trachea (cough reflex) False vocal fold - Answer- Helps prevent aspiration True vocal fold - Answer- Contains vocal cords and closed to increase intrathoracic pressure Trachea - Answer- Starts at base of larynx Trachea descends into thorax Divided into right and left primary bronchius (C-shaped cartilage rings) Mucosa - Answer- Pseudo Stratified columnar epithelium and layer of connective tissue called laminate propria Submucosa and adventitria - Answer- Connective tisse Cartilage - Answer- Hyaline cartilage Pseudo Stratified columnar epithelium in - Answer- Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Mucus is divided - Answer- Goblet cells and exocrine glands Cleansed - Answer- Particulate matter is trapped within the mucus Warmed - Answer- By heat from capillaries in the lamina propria Humidify - Answer- H2O layer among the mucus Bronchial tree - Answer- Trachea Primary bronchus Lotar bronchi Segmental bronchi (5 generations of branching) Structure of bronchus is same as trachea except - Answer- Cartilage plates: small pieces instead of 1cshaped ring Additional layer: tunica muscularis in between lamina propria and submucosa Relaxation - Answer- Bronchodilation Last generation of bronch tree - Answer- Divide to form terminal bronchiole (smallest of conducting airways) Bronch tree same as bronchus except - Answer- A) Simple columnar B) no more exocrine glands C) no cartilage, airways prone to collapse A + B no mucus production Conducting airways - Answer- No alveoli - no gas exchange Types of airways - Answer- Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveolus