BIO 411 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
▶ Inferior. Answer: away from the head
▶ Medial. Answer: toward the midline
▶ Lateral. Answer: away from the midline
▶ Proximal. Answer: Closer to the point of attachment
▶ Distal. Answer: Farther from the trunk of the body
▶ Neutrons. Answer: neutral charge
▶ Protons. Answer: Positively charged particles
▶ Electrons. Answer: Negatively charged particles
▶ valence electrons. Answer: electrons in the outermost shell
▶ What is the relationship between protons and electrons?. Answer:
number of electrons = number of protons
▶ What are covalent bonds?. Answer: a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs
▶ What are nonpolar covalent bonds?. Answer: electrons are shared
equally, not water soluble
▶ What are polar covalent bonds?. Answer: unequal sharing of electrons
▶ What are ionic bonds?. Answer: transfer of electrons
▶ What is a positively charged atom?. Answer: cation
, ▶ What is a negatively charged atom?. Answer: anion
▶ What do cations and anions form?. Answer: ionic compounds
▶ What's an example of an ionic compound?. Answer: sodium chloride
▶ What is ionization?. Answer: the process of becoming charged
▶ are ionic bonds weak or strong?. Answer: a strong DRY bond - but
weakens as it hydrates (dissolves)
▶ Hydrophilic. Answer: water loving
▶ Hydrophobic. Answer: water hating
▶ What is water. Answer: polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can
contribute to the pH of a substance
▶ When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is.... Answer: acidic
▶ When a substance has more OH- ions it is.... Answer: basic
▶ What are buffers?. Answer: stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a
solution
▶ What is acidosis?. Answer: blood pH below 7.35
▶ What is alkalosis?. Answer: pH above 7.45
▶ What is alkaline?. Answer: solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic
▶ What are the major macromolecules?. Answer: carbohydrate, lipid,
protein
▶ What is a monosaccharide?. Answer: simple sugar
▶ What is a disaccharide?. Answer: 2 monosaccharides joined together.
▶ What is a polysaccharide?. Answer: many sugars
AND COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
▶ Inferior. Answer: away from the head
▶ Medial. Answer: toward the midline
▶ Lateral. Answer: away from the midline
▶ Proximal. Answer: Closer to the point of attachment
▶ Distal. Answer: Farther from the trunk of the body
▶ Neutrons. Answer: neutral charge
▶ Protons. Answer: Positively charged particles
▶ Electrons. Answer: Negatively charged particles
▶ valence electrons. Answer: electrons in the outermost shell
▶ What is the relationship between protons and electrons?. Answer:
number of electrons = number of protons
▶ What are covalent bonds?. Answer: a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs
▶ What are nonpolar covalent bonds?. Answer: electrons are shared
equally, not water soluble
▶ What are polar covalent bonds?. Answer: unequal sharing of electrons
▶ What are ionic bonds?. Answer: transfer of electrons
▶ What is a positively charged atom?. Answer: cation
, ▶ What is a negatively charged atom?. Answer: anion
▶ What do cations and anions form?. Answer: ionic compounds
▶ What's an example of an ionic compound?. Answer: sodium chloride
▶ What is ionization?. Answer: the process of becoming charged
▶ are ionic bonds weak or strong?. Answer: a strong DRY bond - but
weakens as it hydrates (dissolves)
▶ Hydrophilic. Answer: water loving
▶ Hydrophobic. Answer: water hating
▶ What is water. Answer: polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can
contribute to the pH of a substance
▶ When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is.... Answer: acidic
▶ When a substance has more OH- ions it is.... Answer: basic
▶ What are buffers?. Answer: stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a
solution
▶ What is acidosis?. Answer: blood pH below 7.35
▶ What is alkalosis?. Answer: pH above 7.45
▶ What is alkaline?. Answer: solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic
▶ What are the major macromolecules?. Answer: carbohydrate, lipid,
protein
▶ What is a monosaccharide?. Answer: simple sugar
▶ What is a disaccharide?. Answer: 2 monosaccharides joined together.
▶ What is a polysaccharide?. Answer: many sugars
