SOE 312 Exam 2 Questions with
complete solution 2025/2026
What are two ways that hunter gather societies functioned differently than the Industrial societies? -
correct answer ✔1) They were smaller populations than industrial societies due to limited resource
availability
2) Kin tied relationships were more popular in hunting and gathering societies which lead to a more
narrow social perspective for social interaction
What is the difference between Industrial societies and Post-Industrial societies? - correct answer
✔Industrial societies had labor that centered more around material collection and machine manning but
post-industrial is centered more along the lines of services. Automation is the main difference between
societies, with post-industrial causing a shift in labor needs.
According to the reading, what is a society (as opposed to a social group or institution)? - correct
answer ✔A society refers to a group of people who live within the same territory and share a common
culture. This differs from a social group as it is more than an anonymous grouping as it has two layers. It
also differs from an institution as a society as it can describe multiple institutions or an institution may
hold a type of society. Society is simply the overlapping of geographic location with culture similarities
What does the author mean by country competence? - correct answer ✔Country competence is
described to be a type of country masculinity that distinguishes country boys from city boys
Most firefighters acquire many of the dispositions and skills necessary to perform their jobs long before
they become employees of the forest service. Explain. - correct answer ✔The firefighters join the forest
service as crew members due to their competency. They know that they know what is needed for the
job. These skills come as they stay with the forest service and grow. They eventually join the forest
service over some years. This of low wages and a dangerous work environment
The article says that when becoming a firefighter an "individual becomes entangled in a political battle."
What two major groups is the battle between? Explain - correct answer ✔Environmentalists and
government agencies are involved with wildfire management. Environmentalist criticize the the fire
, management while government agencies fight environmentalists stating that they do not know what is
best.
What is the relationship between country competence and firefighter competence? - correct answer
✔Country competence leads to the firefighter competence. Without the country competence, it is
viewed that your could not be a firefighter.
What are four main characteristics of social groups? - correct answer ✔1) Boundaries - inside/outside
2) An "objective existence" is attributed
3) Set of norms and values
4) Sense of allegiance - "we-ness"
What is the "glue" that holds social groups together? - correct answer ✔The importance of shared
meanings
Using the example of loggers, what are some examples of meanings and perspectives that are shared by
members of this group? - correct answer ✔Loggers all have the same mentality of working objectives;
getting logs into town. Also the loggers hone common sense as well as a specific view towards
environmentalists
What does the author mean by informal economy? - correct answer ✔Informal economy helps
describe diverse economic activities that are not completely covered in macroeconomic analyses. This
means these are activities that are not typically governed or overseen.
What does the author mean by economic buffering? - correct answer ✔Economic buffering helps to
create a safety net during hardships. NTFP gathering can be viewed as a economic buffering since it is an
informal activity that provides a secure income
According to the reading, how are NFTPs "an expression of cultural and individual identity? Give an
example. - correct answer ✔For cultural identity, many tribes participate in NTFP gathering as a
complete solution 2025/2026
What are two ways that hunter gather societies functioned differently than the Industrial societies? -
correct answer ✔1) They were smaller populations than industrial societies due to limited resource
availability
2) Kin tied relationships were more popular in hunting and gathering societies which lead to a more
narrow social perspective for social interaction
What is the difference between Industrial societies and Post-Industrial societies? - correct answer
✔Industrial societies had labor that centered more around material collection and machine manning but
post-industrial is centered more along the lines of services. Automation is the main difference between
societies, with post-industrial causing a shift in labor needs.
According to the reading, what is a society (as opposed to a social group or institution)? - correct
answer ✔A society refers to a group of people who live within the same territory and share a common
culture. This differs from a social group as it is more than an anonymous grouping as it has two layers. It
also differs from an institution as a society as it can describe multiple institutions or an institution may
hold a type of society. Society is simply the overlapping of geographic location with culture similarities
What does the author mean by country competence? - correct answer ✔Country competence is
described to be a type of country masculinity that distinguishes country boys from city boys
Most firefighters acquire many of the dispositions and skills necessary to perform their jobs long before
they become employees of the forest service. Explain. - correct answer ✔The firefighters join the forest
service as crew members due to their competency. They know that they know what is needed for the
job. These skills come as they stay with the forest service and grow. They eventually join the forest
service over some years. This of low wages and a dangerous work environment
The article says that when becoming a firefighter an "individual becomes entangled in a political battle."
What two major groups is the battle between? Explain - correct answer ✔Environmentalists and
government agencies are involved with wildfire management. Environmentalist criticize the the fire
, management while government agencies fight environmentalists stating that they do not know what is
best.
What is the relationship between country competence and firefighter competence? - correct answer
✔Country competence leads to the firefighter competence. Without the country competence, it is
viewed that your could not be a firefighter.
What are four main characteristics of social groups? - correct answer ✔1) Boundaries - inside/outside
2) An "objective existence" is attributed
3) Set of norms and values
4) Sense of allegiance - "we-ness"
What is the "glue" that holds social groups together? - correct answer ✔The importance of shared
meanings
Using the example of loggers, what are some examples of meanings and perspectives that are shared by
members of this group? - correct answer ✔Loggers all have the same mentality of working objectives;
getting logs into town. Also the loggers hone common sense as well as a specific view towards
environmentalists
What does the author mean by informal economy? - correct answer ✔Informal economy helps
describe diverse economic activities that are not completely covered in macroeconomic analyses. This
means these are activities that are not typically governed or overseen.
What does the author mean by economic buffering? - correct answer ✔Economic buffering helps to
create a safety net during hardships. NTFP gathering can be viewed as a economic buffering since it is an
informal activity that provides a secure income
According to the reading, how are NFTPs "an expression of cultural and individual identity? Give an
example. - correct answer ✔For cultural identity, many tribes participate in NTFP gathering as a
