HCR 240 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST
UPDATED| GET A+
1. Open Fracture A break in the skin caused by the fracture.
2. Closed Fracture No break in the skin caused by the fracture.
3. Complete Frac- The bone is broken into two pieces; broken all the way through.
ture
4. Incomplete Frac- The bone is still intact/in one piece with a fracture.
ture
5. Displaced Frac- Complete fracture where the 2 different pieces of the bone no longer line up;
not ture in anatomical alignment.
6. Comminuted Complete fracture with bone broken into more than 2 pieces; crushed.
Fracture
,7. Transverse Frac- Fracture line goes straight across the bone. ture
8. Linear Fracture Fracture line is parallel to the long axis of the bone.
9. Oblique Fracture Fracture line is slanted across the shaft of the bone.
10. Spiral Fracture Fracture line encircles the bone; corkscrew.
11. Stress Fracture A fracture caused by cumulative effects of repeated forces over time;
common in athletes.
12. Pathologic Frac- A fracture where a disease weakens the bone and causes a fracture; it happens
ture spontaneously.
13. Bowing Fracture Exclusively in children, microfractures occur as a bone bends and the bone
remains bent.
14. A bowing fracture with a visible fracture line; an incomplete fracture line.
,Greenstick Fracture
15. Reduction Realignment of bone fragments; may be open or closed; due to displaced fracture.
16. Traction Closed external reduction using weights; the use of weights and gravity to reduce
bone fractures into proper alignment.
17. Fixation Immobilization of bone; may be internal or external; due to unstable fracture.
18. Hematoma For- Fibrin and platelets form a framework for healing. mation
19. Procallus Forma- Fibroblasts and osteoblasts create a granulation tissue called procallus.
tion
20. Callus Formation The procallus is hardened by increasing phosphate and calcium deposition.
21. Replacement Callus is replaced with lamellar or trabecular bone.
, 22. Remodeling Bone remodeled to shape and size before injury.
23. Strain Injury of a tear to a tendon (the connection muscle to bone).
24. Sprain Injury or tear to a ligament (connection of bone to bone).
25. Rhabdomyolysis A life-threatening complication of severe trauma to striated muscles and
subse-
quent cell lysis.
26. Myoglobin Basically hemoglobin of the muscle; stores oxygen in muscle cells for heavy
exercise.
27. Osteoporosis Porous bone; low bone mineral density, impaired structural integrity,
decreased bone strength, and increased risk of fracture.
28. Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease characterized by local loss of articular cartilage,
sclerosis of underlying bone, and formation of bone spurs.
UPDATED| GET A+
1. Open Fracture A break in the skin caused by the fracture.
2. Closed Fracture No break in the skin caused by the fracture.
3. Complete Frac- The bone is broken into two pieces; broken all the way through.
ture
4. Incomplete Frac- The bone is still intact/in one piece with a fracture.
ture
5. Displaced Frac- Complete fracture where the 2 different pieces of the bone no longer line up;
not ture in anatomical alignment.
6. Comminuted Complete fracture with bone broken into more than 2 pieces; crushed.
Fracture
,7. Transverse Frac- Fracture line goes straight across the bone. ture
8. Linear Fracture Fracture line is parallel to the long axis of the bone.
9. Oblique Fracture Fracture line is slanted across the shaft of the bone.
10. Spiral Fracture Fracture line encircles the bone; corkscrew.
11. Stress Fracture A fracture caused by cumulative effects of repeated forces over time;
common in athletes.
12. Pathologic Frac- A fracture where a disease weakens the bone and causes a fracture; it happens
ture spontaneously.
13. Bowing Fracture Exclusively in children, microfractures occur as a bone bends and the bone
remains bent.
14. A bowing fracture with a visible fracture line; an incomplete fracture line.
,Greenstick Fracture
15. Reduction Realignment of bone fragments; may be open or closed; due to displaced fracture.
16. Traction Closed external reduction using weights; the use of weights and gravity to reduce
bone fractures into proper alignment.
17. Fixation Immobilization of bone; may be internal or external; due to unstable fracture.
18. Hematoma For- Fibrin and platelets form a framework for healing. mation
19. Procallus Forma- Fibroblasts and osteoblasts create a granulation tissue called procallus.
tion
20. Callus Formation The procallus is hardened by increasing phosphate and calcium deposition.
21. Replacement Callus is replaced with lamellar or trabecular bone.
, 22. Remodeling Bone remodeled to shape and size before injury.
23. Strain Injury of a tear to a tendon (the connection muscle to bone).
24. Sprain Injury or tear to a ligament (connection of bone to bone).
25. Rhabdomyolysis A life-threatening complication of severe trauma to striated muscles and
subse-
quent cell lysis.
26. Myoglobin Basically hemoglobin of the muscle; stores oxygen in muscle cells for heavy
exercise.
27. Osteoporosis Porous bone; low bone mineral density, impaired structural integrity,
decreased bone strength, and increased risk of fracture.
28. Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease characterized by local loss of articular cartilage,
sclerosis of underlying bone, and formation of bone spurs.
