HCR 240 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | EXAM 3 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS |
2026 LATEST UPDATED| GET A+
Triad of Virchow - (answer)Venous stasis
Venous endothelial damage
Hypercoagulable states
What are the 3 factors that are critically important in the development of venous thrombosis
called? - (answer)Triad of Virchow
orthostatic hypotension - (answer)Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
Isolated systolic hypertension - (answer)Elevated systolic blood pressure accompanied by normal
diastolic blood pressure
primary hypertension - (answer)High blood pressure, the cause of which is unknown but thought
to maybe be genetic or environmental; also known as essential hypertension
Secondary hypertension - (answer)Is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular
resistance and/or cardiac output
,Systolic hypertension - (answer)Most significant factor in causing target organ damage
Non-modifiable risk factors of hypertension - (answer)Age, gender, family history
Modifiable risk factors of hypertension - (answer)-↑Sodium (Na+) intake
-Glucose intolerance (diabetes -mellitus)/insulin resistance
-Heavy alcohol use
-Obesity
-Cigarettes
-↓Potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++), calcium (Ca++)
Hypertension - (answer)Caused by increases in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance, or
both
Any condition that increases heart rate or stroke volume? - (answer)Cardiac output
Effects of primary hypertension - (answer)-Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and alterations in natriuretic peptides
,-Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, obesity-related hormones, and insulin resistance
Complicated hypertension - (answer)Hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the
tunica intima and media in a process called vascular remodeling
Malignant hypertension (hypertensive crisis) - (answer)-Rapidly progressive hypertension
-Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mmHg
-Can lead to encephalopathy
Clinical manifestations of hypertension - (answer)-Early stages of hypertension have no clinical
manifestations other than elevated blood pressure.
-Called the silent disease
Treatment of hypertension - (answer)-Reducing or eliminating risk factors
-Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)
-Cessation of smoking
-Exercise program that promotes endurance and relaxation
, Orthosatic hypotension - (answer)Decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures on
standing by 20 mmHg or more and by 10 mmHg or more, respectively
Clinical manifestations of orthostatic hypotension - (answer)Fainting upon standing
Treatment
Treatment of orthostatic hypotension - (answer)Liberalize salt intake, raise the head of the bed,
wear thigh-high stockings, expand volume with mineralocorticoids, and administer
vasoconstrictors
Primary orthostatic hypotension - (answer)-called neurogenic (results from neurologic disorders
affecting autonomic function)
-often chronic
-seen in older adults (Parkinson disease)
Secondary orthostatic hypotension - (answer)acute and associated with:
-altered body chemistry
-drug action (antihypertensive or antidepressants)
-prolonged immobility caused by illness
2026 LATEST UPDATED| GET A+
Triad of Virchow - (answer)Venous stasis
Venous endothelial damage
Hypercoagulable states
What are the 3 factors that are critically important in the development of venous thrombosis
called? - (answer)Triad of Virchow
orthostatic hypotension - (answer)Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
Isolated systolic hypertension - (answer)Elevated systolic blood pressure accompanied by normal
diastolic blood pressure
primary hypertension - (answer)High blood pressure, the cause of which is unknown but thought
to maybe be genetic or environmental; also known as essential hypertension
Secondary hypertension - (answer)Is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular
resistance and/or cardiac output
,Systolic hypertension - (answer)Most significant factor in causing target organ damage
Non-modifiable risk factors of hypertension - (answer)Age, gender, family history
Modifiable risk factors of hypertension - (answer)-↑Sodium (Na+) intake
-Glucose intolerance (diabetes -mellitus)/insulin resistance
-Heavy alcohol use
-Obesity
-Cigarettes
-↓Potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++), calcium (Ca++)
Hypertension - (answer)Caused by increases in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance, or
both
Any condition that increases heart rate or stroke volume? - (answer)Cardiac output
Effects of primary hypertension - (answer)-Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and alterations in natriuretic peptides
,-Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, obesity-related hormones, and insulin resistance
Complicated hypertension - (answer)Hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the
tunica intima and media in a process called vascular remodeling
Malignant hypertension (hypertensive crisis) - (answer)-Rapidly progressive hypertension
-Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mmHg
-Can lead to encephalopathy
Clinical manifestations of hypertension - (answer)-Early stages of hypertension have no clinical
manifestations other than elevated blood pressure.
-Called the silent disease
Treatment of hypertension - (answer)-Reducing or eliminating risk factors
-Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)
-Cessation of smoking
-Exercise program that promotes endurance and relaxation
, Orthosatic hypotension - (answer)Decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures on
standing by 20 mmHg or more and by 10 mmHg or more, respectively
Clinical manifestations of orthostatic hypotension - (answer)Fainting upon standing
Treatment
Treatment of orthostatic hypotension - (answer)Liberalize salt intake, raise the head of the bed,
wear thigh-high stockings, expand volume with mineralocorticoids, and administer
vasoconstrictors
Primary orthostatic hypotension - (answer)-called neurogenic (results from neurologic disorders
affecting autonomic function)
-often chronic
-seen in older adults (Parkinson disease)
Secondary orthostatic hypotension - (answer)acute and associated with:
-altered body chemistry
-drug action (antihypertensive or antidepressants)
-prolonged immobility caused by illness
