CVS 204 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉Cardiac output. Answer: Amount of blood pumped by the heart
per minute calculated as heart rate times stroke volume
◉Stroke volume. Answer: Amount of blood ejected from one
ventricle with each heartbeat
◉Ejection fraction. Answer: Percentage of blood ejected from the
ventricle per beat calculated as stroke volume divided by end
diastolic volume
◉Normal ejection fraction. Answer: Approximately 55 to 70 percent
◉Reduced ejection fraction. Answer: Seen in systolic heart failure
◉End diastolic volume. Answer: Volume of blood in the ventricle at
the end of diastole representing preload
◉End systolic volume. Answer: Volume of blood remaining in the
ventricle after contraction
, ◉Determinants of stroke volume. Answer: Preload afterload and
contractility
◉Preload. Answer: Amount of stretch on ventricular muscle fibers at
the end of diastole
◉Effect of increased preload. Answer: Increased stretch leads to
stronger contraction via Frank Starling law
◉Low preload effect. Answer: Reduced stroke volume due to
decreased ventricular filling
◉Conditions that increase preload. Answer: Mitral regurgitation
aortic regurgitation heart failure IV fluids blood transfusion
bradycardia renal failure venoconstriction
◉Volume overload effect. Answer: Dilated ventricle with thin walls
◉Afterload. Answer: Resistance or pressure the ventricle must
overcome to eject blood
◉Effect of increased afterload. Answer: Decreased stroke volume
and increased myocardial work
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉Cardiac output. Answer: Amount of blood pumped by the heart
per minute calculated as heart rate times stroke volume
◉Stroke volume. Answer: Amount of blood ejected from one
ventricle with each heartbeat
◉Ejection fraction. Answer: Percentage of blood ejected from the
ventricle per beat calculated as stroke volume divided by end
diastolic volume
◉Normal ejection fraction. Answer: Approximately 55 to 70 percent
◉Reduced ejection fraction. Answer: Seen in systolic heart failure
◉End diastolic volume. Answer: Volume of blood in the ventricle at
the end of diastole representing preload
◉End systolic volume. Answer: Volume of blood remaining in the
ventricle after contraction
, ◉Determinants of stroke volume. Answer: Preload afterload and
contractility
◉Preload. Answer: Amount of stretch on ventricular muscle fibers at
the end of diastole
◉Effect of increased preload. Answer: Increased stretch leads to
stronger contraction via Frank Starling law
◉Low preload effect. Answer: Reduced stroke volume due to
decreased ventricular filling
◉Conditions that increase preload. Answer: Mitral regurgitation
aortic regurgitation heart failure IV fluids blood transfusion
bradycardia renal failure venoconstriction
◉Volume overload effect. Answer: Dilated ventricle with thin walls
◉Afterload. Answer: Resistance or pressure the ventricle must
overcome to eject blood
◉Effect of increased afterload. Answer: Decreased stroke volume
and increased myocardial work
