LOCAL ANESTHESIA for the DENTAL HYGIENIST
Second Edition Demetra Daskalos Logothetis, RDH, MS
Professor Emeritus and Graduate Program Director
Department of Dental Medicine University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico Educational Consultant, Albuquer
Acetylsalicylic/ Acid/ (Aspirin)/ -/ ANSWER:/ ASA/ T T T T T T
antipyretic/ -/ ANSWER:/ reduces/ fever/ (Tylenol,/ aspirin)
T T T T T T
Epinephrine/ is/ naturally/ secreted/ by/ the/ adrenal/ glands/ and/ the/ sympathetic/ nerve/ fibers./
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
The/ hormone/ can/ be/ obtained/ via/ extraction/ from/ the/ adrenal/ glands/ of/ cattle/ and/ sheep,/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
or/ it/ can/ be/ made/ in/ a/ laboratory./ Synthetic/ production/ of/ epinephrine/ entails/ the/ reaction/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
of/ catechol/ and/ chloroacetyl/ chloride./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T
antipyretic/ -/ ANSWER:/ reduces/ fever/ (Tylenol,/ aspirin)
T T T T T T
In/ 1842,/ it/ was/ reported/ that/ William/ Clarke/ administered/ ether,/ via/ a/ towel,/ to/ a/ woman/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
as/ one/ ofher/ teeth/ was/ extracted/ by/ a/ dentist./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T
Tagamet/ (cimetidine)/ decreases/ hepatic/ blood/ flow/ and/ inhibits/ hepatic/ metabolism/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T
amides,/ particularly/ lidocaine,/ by/ competing/ for/ binding/ to/ hepatic/ oxidative/ enzymes,/
T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ therefore/ increases/ half/ life/ of/ the/ amide/ anesthetic,/ augmenting/ the/ risk/ for/ toxic/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
overdose./ -/ ANSWER: T T
Morphine/ -/ ANSWER:/ narcotic/ drug/ derived/ from/ opium,/ used/ to/ treat/ severe/ pain
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Horace/ Wells,/ a/ dentist,/ first/ tried/ nitrous/ oxide/ for/ dental/ pain/ control/ after/ attending/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
several/ "laughing/ gas"/ parties./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T
He/ practiced/ on/ himself/ by/ using/ nitrous/ oxide,/ which/ he/ considered/ safer/ than/ ether,/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
had/ a/ fellow/ dentist/ extract/ his/ tooth.He/ felt/ nothing/ during/ the/ extraction/ and/ discovered/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
nitrous/ oxide/ to/ be/ an/ effective/ anesthetic./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T
Page/ 1/ of/ 62 T T T
,Halothane,/ a/ safe/ and/ stable/ chemical/ for/ inhalation/ anesthesia,/ was/ introduced/ in/ 1956./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:
Halothane/ (Fluothane)/ -/ ANSWER:/ halogenated/ hydrocarbon/ volatile/ liquid/ anesthetic/
T T T T T T T T T
with/ good/ maintenance
T T
The/ first/ local/ anesthetic,/ cocaine,/ was/ isolated/ from/ coca/ leaves/ by/ Albert/ Niemann/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Francesco/ Di/ Stefano/ in/ Germany/ in/ the/ 1860s./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T
Cocaine/ was/ first/ used/ as/ a/ local/ anesthetic/ in/ 1884/ by/ Karl/ Koller,/ who/ demonstrated/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
use/ during/ painless/ ophthalmological/ surgery. / -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T
In/ 1905,/ the/ ester/ procaine/ (Novocaine)/ was/ created/ in/ Germany/ and,/ when/ mixed/ with/ a/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
proportion/ of/ epinephrine,/ was/ found/ to/ be/ effective/ and/ safe/ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T T
Procaine/ took/ a/ long/ time/ to/ produce/ the/ desired/ anesthetic/ result,/ wore/ off/ quickly,/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
was/ not/ as/ potent/ as/ cocaine./ Additionally,/ many/ patients/ were/ allergic/ to/ procaine/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
because/ procaine/ is/ an/ ester/ that/ has/ a/ high/ potential/ for/ allergic/ reactions./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:
In/ the/ 1940s,/ a/ new/ group/ of/ local/ anesthetic/ compounds,/ the/ amides,were/ introduced./
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
The/ initial/ amide/ local/ anesthetic,/ lidocaine,/ was/ synthesized/ by/ the/ Swedish/ chemist/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Nils/ Lofgren/ in/ 1943./ -/ ANSWER:/ Lidocaine/ revolutionized/ pain/ control/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T
dentistry/ worldwide,/ because/ it/ was/ both/ more/ potent/ and/ less/ allergenic/ than/ procaine./
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
In/ the/ succeeding/ years,/ other/ amide/ local/ anesthetics/ (prilocaine/ in/ 1959,/ bupivacaine/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ mepivacaine/ in/ 1957)/ were/ introduced.
T T T T T
These/ new/ amide/ local/ anesthetics/ provided/ the/ dental/ practitioner/ with/ an/ array/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
local/ anesthetics/ for/ pulpal/ anesthesia/ that/ could/ last/ from/ 20/ minutes/ (mepivacaine/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
plain)/ to/ 3/ hours/ (bupivacaine/ with/ epinephrine)/ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T
In/ 1969,/ Rusching/ and/ colleagues/ prepared/ a/ new/ drug,/ carticaine,/ which/ differed/ from/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
the/ previous/ amide/ local/ anesthetics/ -/ ANSWER:/ Renamed/ articaine/ in/ 1984,/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
drug/ was/ derived/ from/ thiophene/ and/ thus/ contained/ a/ thiophene/ ring/ in/ its/ molecule/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
instead/ of/ the/ usual/ benzene/ ring./ Articaine/ became/ available/ in/ 2000/ for/ marketing/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
the/ United/ States/ in/ a/ 4%/ 1:100,000/ epinephrine/ formulation.
T T T T T T T T
Page/ 2/ of/ 62 T T T
,Today,/ lidocaine/ remains/ the/ most/ popular/ anesthetic/ used/ in/ dentistry/ in/ the/ United/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
States;/ however,articaine/ is/ increasing/ in/ its/ popularity/ and/ is/ a/ close/ second/ to/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
lidocaine.Many/ patients/ do/ not/ understand/ the/ distinction/ among/ the/ agents/ and/ still/ ask/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
for/ Novocaine,/ which/ is/ no/ longer/ available/ in/ dentistry./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T
levonordefrin/ (Neo-Cobefrin)/ -/ ANSWER:/ Vasoconstrictor/T T T T T
1/6th/ as/ strong/ as/ EPI
T T T T
Mostly/ act/ on/ Alpha/ receptors/ (75%)/ Beta/ (25%)/
T T T T T T T T
Less/ systemic/ effects/ than/ EPI
T T T T
Max/ Dose/ in/ ALL/ Pt's/ =/ 1mg/appt/ =/ 11/ cartridges
T T T T T T T T T
2%/ carbocaine/ with/ 1:20,000/ Levonordefrin
T T T T
inact/ -/ ANSWER:/ To/ bring/ into/ action/ or/ a/ state/ of/ activity.
T T T T T T T T T T T
Pain/ threshold/ pertains/ to/ the/ point/ at/ which/ a/ sensation/ starts/ to/ be/ painful/ and/ discomfort/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
results./ This/ threshold/ varies/ among/ individuals/ and/ may/ be/ altered/ by/ some/ drugs/ such/ as/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
local/ anesthesia./ -/ ANSWER:/ Many/ patients/ fear/ the/ dental/ provider/ because/ they/ are/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
apprehensive/ about/ a/ "dental/ shot." T T T T
Local/ anesthetics/ are/ known/ as/ membrane-stabilizing/ drugs,/ which/ work/ by/ decreasing/
T T T T T T T T T T T
the/ rate/ of/ depolarization/ when/ a/ membrane/ potential/ is/ initiated./ -/ ANSWER:/ When/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
neurons/ are/ firing/ quickly,/ causing/ sodium/ channels/ to/ be/ in/ their/ activated/ state,/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
local/ anesthetic/ drugs/ bind/ easier/ to/ the/ sodium/ channels,/ increasing/ the/ onset/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
neuronal/ blockade./ This/ phenomenon/ is/ called/ state/ dependent/ blockade
T T T T T T T T
Nissl/ substance/ is/ a/ basophilic/ material/ primarily/ composed/ of/ ribonucleic/ acid/ (RNA)/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ proteins/ in/ aggregate/ with/ rough/ endoplasmic/ reticulum./ This/ substance/ is/ involved/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
protein/ synthesis/ and/ cellular/ metabolism./ Nissl/ substance/ can/ vary/ in/ quantity,/ form,/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ distribution/ in/ different/ types/ of/ neurons./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T
breech-loading/ aspirating/ syringe/ -/ ANSWER: T T T T
Page/ 3/ of/ 62 T T T
, Vazirani-Akinosi/ mandibular/ block/ -/ ANSWER:/ include/ the/ IN,/ lingual,/ mental,/
T T T T T T T T T T
incisve,/ and/ mylohyoid/ nerves/ within/ the/ pterygomandibular/ space/ and/ long/ buccal/ nerve/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
approximately/ 75%/ of/ the/ time T T T T
Morphine/ -/ ANSWER:/ narcotic/ drug/ derived/ from/ opium, / used/ to/ treat/ severe/ pain/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Helothane/ -/ ANSWER: T T
Procaine/ (Novocain)/ -/ ANSWER:/ used/ as/ an/ anasthetic,/ derived/ from/ the/ coca/ plant
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Myelin/ (lipoprotein/ sheath)/ is/ composed/ of/ about/ 75%/ lipid,/ about/ 20%/ protein,/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
about/ 5%/ carbohydrates./ Myelin/ is/ made/ up/ primarily/ of/ a/ glycolipid/ called/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
galactocerebroside/ and/ almost/ completely/ insulates/ the/ axon/ from/ the/ outside./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:
Unmyelinated/ fibers/ and/ myelinated/ axons/ of/ the/ CNS/ do/ not/ regenerate./ The/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
demyelination/ of/ axons/ is/ the/ cause/ of/ the/ multitude/ of/ neurologic/ symptoms/ seen/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
multiple/ sclerosis./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T
saltatory/ conduction/ -/ ANSWER:/ Rapid/ transmission/ of/ a/ nerve/ impulse/ along/ an/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
axon,/ resulting/ from/ the/ action/ potential/ jumping/ from/ one/ node/ of/ Ranvier/ to/ another,/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
skipping/ the/ myelin-sheathed/ regions/ of/ membrane.
T T T T T
Unmyelinated/ nerves/ are/ free/ nerve/ endings;/ the/ smallest/ nerve/ fibers/ are/ also/ known/ as/ C/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
fibers./ C/ fibers/ are/ the/ most/ numerous/ fiber/ type/ in/ the/ PNS./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Peripheral/ nerve/ fibers/ differ/ substantially/ and/ can/ be/ classified/ based/ on/ axonal/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
conduction/ velocity,/ frequency/ of/ firing,/ degree/ of/ myelination,/ and/ fiber/ diameter./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:/ For/ example,/ there/ are/ slow-conducting/ unmyelinated/ C/ fibers/ and/ faster-
T T T T T T T T T T
conducting/ myelinated/ Aδ/ fibers./ All/ these/ factors/ influence/ the/ ability/ of/ the/ local/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
anesthetic/ to/ block/ the/ nerve/ conduction.
T T T T T
Type/ A/ fibers/ are/ the/ largest/ fibers/ present/ in/ mammalian/ nerves,/ and/ with/ the/ rate/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
impulse/ transmission/ directly/ proportional/ to/ fiber/ diameter,/ this/ group/ comprises/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T
most/ rapidly/ conducting/ axons./ -/ ANSWER:/ They/ are/ responsible/ for/ conducting/
T T T T T T T T T T T
pressure/ and/ motor/ sensations.Type/ A/ fibers/ are/ further/ divided/ into/ four/ groups,/ α/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
through/ δ./ Aδ/ fibers
T T T
Page/ 4/ of/ 62 T T T
Second Edition Demetra Daskalos Logothetis, RDH, MS
Professor Emeritus and Graduate Program Director
Department of Dental Medicine University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico Educational Consultant, Albuquer
Acetylsalicylic/ Acid/ (Aspirin)/ -/ ANSWER:/ ASA/ T T T T T T
antipyretic/ -/ ANSWER:/ reduces/ fever/ (Tylenol,/ aspirin)
T T T T T T
Epinephrine/ is/ naturally/ secreted/ by/ the/ adrenal/ glands/ and/ the/ sympathetic/ nerve/ fibers./
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
The/ hormone/ can/ be/ obtained/ via/ extraction/ from/ the/ adrenal/ glands/ of/ cattle/ and/ sheep,/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
or/ it/ can/ be/ made/ in/ a/ laboratory./ Synthetic/ production/ of/ epinephrine/ entails/ the/ reaction/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
of/ catechol/ and/ chloroacetyl/ chloride./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T
antipyretic/ -/ ANSWER:/ reduces/ fever/ (Tylenol,/ aspirin)
T T T T T T
In/ 1842,/ it/ was/ reported/ that/ William/ Clarke/ administered/ ether,/ via/ a/ towel,/ to/ a/ woman/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
as/ one/ ofher/ teeth/ was/ extracted/ by/ a/ dentist./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T
Tagamet/ (cimetidine)/ decreases/ hepatic/ blood/ flow/ and/ inhibits/ hepatic/ metabolism/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T
amides,/ particularly/ lidocaine,/ by/ competing/ for/ binding/ to/ hepatic/ oxidative/ enzymes,/
T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ therefore/ increases/ half/ life/ of/ the/ amide/ anesthetic,/ augmenting/ the/ risk/ for/ toxic/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
overdose./ -/ ANSWER: T T
Morphine/ -/ ANSWER:/ narcotic/ drug/ derived/ from/ opium,/ used/ to/ treat/ severe/ pain
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Horace/ Wells,/ a/ dentist,/ first/ tried/ nitrous/ oxide/ for/ dental/ pain/ control/ after/ attending/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
several/ "laughing/ gas"/ parties./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T
He/ practiced/ on/ himself/ by/ using/ nitrous/ oxide,/ which/ he/ considered/ safer/ than/ ether,/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
had/ a/ fellow/ dentist/ extract/ his/ tooth.He/ felt/ nothing/ during/ the/ extraction/ and/ discovered/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
nitrous/ oxide/ to/ be/ an/ effective/ anesthetic./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T
Page/ 1/ of/ 62 T T T
,Halothane,/ a/ safe/ and/ stable/ chemical/ for/ inhalation/ anesthesia,/ was/ introduced/ in/ 1956./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:
Halothane/ (Fluothane)/ -/ ANSWER:/ halogenated/ hydrocarbon/ volatile/ liquid/ anesthetic/
T T T T T T T T T
with/ good/ maintenance
T T
The/ first/ local/ anesthetic,/ cocaine,/ was/ isolated/ from/ coca/ leaves/ by/ Albert/ Niemann/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Francesco/ Di/ Stefano/ in/ Germany/ in/ the/ 1860s./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T
Cocaine/ was/ first/ used/ as/ a/ local/ anesthetic/ in/ 1884/ by/ Karl/ Koller,/ who/ demonstrated/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
use/ during/ painless/ ophthalmological/ surgery. / -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T
In/ 1905,/ the/ ester/ procaine/ (Novocaine)/ was/ created/ in/ Germany/ and,/ when/ mixed/ with/ a/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
proportion/ of/ epinephrine,/ was/ found/ to/ be/ effective/ and/ safe/ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T T
Procaine/ took/ a/ long/ time/ to/ produce/ the/ desired/ anesthetic/ result,/ wore/ off/ quickly,/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
was/ not/ as/ potent/ as/ cocaine./ Additionally,/ many/ patients/ were/ allergic/ to/ procaine/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
because/ procaine/ is/ an/ ester/ that/ has/ a/ high/ potential/ for/ allergic/ reactions./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:
In/ the/ 1940s,/ a/ new/ group/ of/ local/ anesthetic/ compounds,/ the/ amides,were/ introduced./
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
The/ initial/ amide/ local/ anesthetic,/ lidocaine,/ was/ synthesized/ by/ the/ Swedish/ chemist/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Nils/ Lofgren/ in/ 1943./ -/ ANSWER:/ Lidocaine/ revolutionized/ pain/ control/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T
dentistry/ worldwide,/ because/ it/ was/ both/ more/ potent/ and/ less/ allergenic/ than/ procaine./
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
In/ the/ succeeding/ years,/ other/ amide/ local/ anesthetics/ (prilocaine/ in/ 1959,/ bupivacaine/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ mepivacaine/ in/ 1957)/ were/ introduced.
T T T T T
These/ new/ amide/ local/ anesthetics/ provided/ the/ dental/ practitioner/ with/ an/ array/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
local/ anesthetics/ for/ pulpal/ anesthesia/ that/ could/ last/ from/ 20/ minutes/ (mepivacaine/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
plain)/ to/ 3/ hours/ (bupivacaine/ with/ epinephrine)/ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T
In/ 1969,/ Rusching/ and/ colleagues/ prepared/ a/ new/ drug,/ carticaine,/ which/ differed/ from/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
the/ previous/ amide/ local/ anesthetics/ -/ ANSWER:/ Renamed/ articaine/ in/ 1984,/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
drug/ was/ derived/ from/ thiophene/ and/ thus/ contained/ a/ thiophene/ ring/ in/ its/ molecule/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
instead/ of/ the/ usual/ benzene/ ring./ Articaine/ became/ available/ in/ 2000/ for/ marketing/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
the/ United/ States/ in/ a/ 4%/ 1:100,000/ epinephrine/ formulation.
T T T T T T T T
Page/ 2/ of/ 62 T T T
,Today,/ lidocaine/ remains/ the/ most/ popular/ anesthetic/ used/ in/ dentistry/ in/ the/ United/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
States;/ however,articaine/ is/ increasing/ in/ its/ popularity/ and/ is/ a/ close/ second/ to/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
lidocaine.Many/ patients/ do/ not/ understand/ the/ distinction/ among/ the/ agents/ and/ still/ ask/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
for/ Novocaine,/ which/ is/ no/ longer/ available/ in/ dentistry./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T
levonordefrin/ (Neo-Cobefrin)/ -/ ANSWER:/ Vasoconstrictor/T T T T T
1/6th/ as/ strong/ as/ EPI
T T T T
Mostly/ act/ on/ Alpha/ receptors/ (75%)/ Beta/ (25%)/
T T T T T T T T
Less/ systemic/ effects/ than/ EPI
T T T T
Max/ Dose/ in/ ALL/ Pt's/ =/ 1mg/appt/ =/ 11/ cartridges
T T T T T T T T T
2%/ carbocaine/ with/ 1:20,000/ Levonordefrin
T T T T
inact/ -/ ANSWER:/ To/ bring/ into/ action/ or/ a/ state/ of/ activity.
T T T T T T T T T T T
Pain/ threshold/ pertains/ to/ the/ point/ at/ which/ a/ sensation/ starts/ to/ be/ painful/ and/ discomfort/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
results./ This/ threshold/ varies/ among/ individuals/ and/ may/ be/ altered/ by/ some/ drugs/ such/ as/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
local/ anesthesia./ -/ ANSWER:/ Many/ patients/ fear/ the/ dental/ provider/ because/ they/ are/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
apprehensive/ about/ a/ "dental/ shot." T T T T
Local/ anesthetics/ are/ known/ as/ membrane-stabilizing/ drugs,/ which/ work/ by/ decreasing/
T T T T T T T T T T T
the/ rate/ of/ depolarization/ when/ a/ membrane/ potential/ is/ initiated./ -/ ANSWER:/ When/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
neurons/ are/ firing/ quickly,/ causing/ sodium/ channels/ to/ be/ in/ their/ activated/ state,/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
local/ anesthetic/ drugs/ bind/ easier/ to/ the/ sodium/ channels,/ increasing/ the/ onset/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
neuronal/ blockade./ This/ phenomenon/ is/ called/ state/ dependent/ blockade
T T T T T T T T
Nissl/ substance/ is/ a/ basophilic/ material/ primarily/ composed/ of/ ribonucleic/ acid/ (RNA)/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ proteins/ in/ aggregate/ with/ rough/ endoplasmic/ reticulum./ This/ substance/ is/ involved/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
protein/ synthesis/ and/ cellular/ metabolism./ Nissl/ substance/ can/ vary/ in/ quantity,/ form,/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
and/ distribution/ in/ different/ types/ of/ neurons./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T
breech-loading/ aspirating/ syringe/ -/ ANSWER: T T T T
Page/ 3/ of/ 62 T T T
, Vazirani-Akinosi/ mandibular/ block/ -/ ANSWER:/ include/ the/ IN,/ lingual,/ mental,/
T T T T T T T T T T
incisve,/ and/ mylohyoid/ nerves/ within/ the/ pterygomandibular/ space/ and/ long/ buccal/ nerve/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
approximately/ 75%/ of/ the/ time T T T T
Morphine/ -/ ANSWER:/ narcotic/ drug/ derived/ from/ opium, / used/ to/ treat/ severe/ pain/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Helothane/ -/ ANSWER: T T
Procaine/ (Novocain)/ -/ ANSWER:/ used/ as/ an/ anasthetic,/ derived/ from/ the/ coca/ plant
T T T T T T T T T T T T
Myelin/ (lipoprotein/ sheath)/ is/ composed/ of/ about/ 75%/ lipid,/ about/ 20%/ protein,/ and/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
about/ 5%/ carbohydrates./ Myelin/ is/ made/ up/ primarily/ of/ a/ glycolipid/ called/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
galactocerebroside/ and/ almost/ completely/ insulates/ the/ axon/ from/ the/ outside./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:
Unmyelinated/ fibers/ and/ myelinated/ axons/ of/ the/ CNS/ do/ not/ regenerate./ The/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
demyelination/ of/ axons/ is/ the/ cause/ of/ the/ multitude/ of/ neurologic/ symptoms/ seen/ in/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
multiple/ sclerosis./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T
saltatory/ conduction/ -/ ANSWER:/ Rapid/ transmission/ of/ a/ nerve/ impulse/ along/ an/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
axon,/ resulting/ from/ the/ action/ potential/ jumping/ from/ one/ node/ of/ Ranvier/ to/ another,/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
skipping/ the/ myelin-sheathed/ regions/ of/ membrane.
T T T T T
Unmyelinated/ nerves/ are/ free/ nerve/ endings;/ the/ smallest/ nerve/ fibers/ are/ also/ known/ as/ C/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
fibers./ C/ fibers/ are/ the/ most/ numerous/ fiber/ type/ in/ the/ PNS./ -/ ANSWER:
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Peripheral/ nerve/ fibers/ differ/ substantially/ and/ can/ be/ classified/ based/ on/ axonal/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
conduction/ velocity,/ frequency/ of/ firing,/ degree/ of/ myelination,/ and/ fiber/ diameter./ -/
T T T T T T T T T T T T
ANSWER:/ For/ example,/ there/ are/ slow-conducting/ unmyelinated/ C/ fibers/ and/ faster-
T T T T T T T T T T
conducting/ myelinated/ Aδ/ fibers./ All/ these/ factors/ influence/ the/ ability/ of/ the/ local/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
anesthetic/ to/ block/ the/ nerve/ conduction.
T T T T T
Type/ A/ fibers/ are/ the/ largest/ fibers/ present/ in/ mammalian/ nerves,/ and/ with/ the/ rate/ of/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
impulse/ transmission/ directly/ proportional/ to/ fiber/ diameter,/ this/ group/ comprises/ the/
T T T T T T T T T T T
most/ rapidly/ conducting/ axons./ -/ ANSWER:/ They/ are/ responsible/ for/ conducting/
T T T T T T T T T T T
pressure/ and/ motor/ sensations.Type/ A/ fibers/ are/ further/ divided/ into/ four/ groups,/ α/
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
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