What term did Erikson use to refer to producing something that benefits others? -
ANSWER-Generativity
What is the result of unsuccessful completion of the first psychosocial stage according
to Erikson? - ANSWER-Mistrust
How many psychological stages did Erikson describe? - ANSWER-Eight
What need does the 'terrible two's' stem from according to Erikson? - ANSWER-
Autonomy
Is Freud's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Discontinuous
Is Erikson's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Discontinuous
Is Piaget's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Discontinuous
Is Skinner's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Continuous
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group birth to 18
months? - ANSWER-Oral
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group 18 months to 3
years? - ANSWER-Anal
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group 3 to 6 years? -
ANSWER-Phallic
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group 6 years to
puberty? - ANSWER-Latency
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group puberty to
adulthood? - ANSWER-Genital
What stage theory covers the greatest breadth in detail according to Erikson? -
ANSWER-Erikson's
What type of development does Piaget focus on? - ANSWER-Cognitive development
What does Freud emphasize in his theory? - ANSWER-Psychosexual development
What is the negative possible outcome of the crisis in late adulthood according to
Erikson? - ANSWER-Despair
Who coined the term operant conditioning? - ANSWER-B.F. Skinner
What is social learning? - ANSWER-Process of altering behavior by observing and
imitating others
Who embraced a cognitive perspective in development? - ANSWER-Jean Piaget
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget? - ANSWER-1.
Sensorimotor, 2. Preoperational, 3. Concrete operational, 4. Formal operational
,What two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth according to
Piaget? - ANSWER-Assimilation and accommodation
What does information processing theory compare human thinking to? - ANSWER-
Computer analysis of data
Which theory holds that cognitive development is continuous? - ANSWER-Information
processing theory
Who is an example of a sociocultural theorist? - ANSWER-Lev Vygotsky
What does sociocultural theory emphasize? - ANSWER-Cultural transmission and the
role of key individuals in development
What does Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory focus on? - ANSWER-An
environment of development
What are the major periods of development? - ANSWER-Prenatal, infancy and
toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle
adulthood, late adulthood
What are distinctive features of human development? - ANSWER-Lifelong,
multidirectional, multidimensional, multidisciplinary
Is development specific to a certain period in life? - ANSWER-No, development is
lifelong
What does multidirectional change mean in human development? - ANSWER-Change
can be good, bad, or both simultaneously
What is considered maturation in development? - ANSWER-Becoming more developed
and advanced
What dimensions describe how development is multidimensional? - ANSWER-
Biological, social, emotional, and cognitive
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 0-1.5 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Hope, Failure: Mistrust
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 18 months-3 years? -
ANSWER-Virtue: Will, Failure: Shame/Doubt
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 3-5 years? - ANSWER-Virtue:
Purpose, Failure: Guilt
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 5-12 years? - ANSWER-Virtue:
Competence, Failure: Inferiority
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 12-18 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Fidelity, Failure: Role Confusion
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 18-40 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Love, Failure: Isolation
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 40-65 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Care, Failure: Stagnation
What is virtue according to the document? - ANSWER-Wisdom, which enables one to
look back on life with a sense of closure and completeness, and accept death without
fear.
What is failure defined as in the document? - ANSWER-Despair, characterized by
dissatisfaction with life, feeling unproductive, guilt, depression, and hopelessness.
What are the types of behaviorism? - ANSWER-Classical conditioning, operant
conditioning, and social learning.
, What is classical conditioning? - ANSWER-A type of learning in which one learns to link
two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
What is operant conditioning? - ANSWER-A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Why do various disciplines study lifespan development? - ANSWER-It is important to
health professions, education, and social sciences.
What does the biological dimension refer to? - ANSWER-Physical changes going on in
the body and how external influences affect biology.
What does the social dimension refer to? - ANSWER-How the individual changes in
their social interactions with others.
What does the emotional dimension refer to? - ANSWER-How the individual changes in
how they regulate and experience emotion.
What does the cognitive dimension refer to? - ANSWER-How the individual changes in
the way they think.
What are the differences between Erikson, Freud, and Piaget's theories? - ANSWER-
Erikson covers the greatest breadth and detail from infancy to late adulthood,
incorporating social development more than the others. Piaget focuses on cognitive
development primarily in childhood, while Freud emphasizes psychosexual
development mainly in childhood and adolescence.
What is the first psychosocial stage of Erikson's theory? - ANSWER-Trust vs. Mistrust.
What age group is associated with the trust vs. mistrust stage? - ANSWER-Birth to 18
months.
What crisis occurs in the trust vs. mistrust stage? - ANSWER-Care by the primary
caregiver is vital; consistent care leads to trust and hope, while inconsistent care leads
to mistrust and fear.
What is the second psychosocial stage of Erikson's theory? - ANSWER-Identity vs. Role
Confusion.
What age group is associated with the identity vs. role confusion stage? - ANSWER-12
to 18 years old.
What crisis occurs in the identity vs. role confusion stage? - ANSWER-Searching for a
sense of self and personal identity through exploration of values, beliefs, and goals.
How should a parent navigate the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage with a toddler?
- ANSWER-Encourage independence while protecting them from constant failure,
allowing them to try tasks themselves.
What are the distinctive features of human development? - ANSWER-Lifelong,
multidirectional, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional.
What feature of human development describes change being good, bad, or both? -
ANSWER-Multidirectional.
How is aging considered in human development? - ANSWER-Multidirectional.
What does maturation refer to in development? - ANSWER-Becoming more developed
and advanced, can be physical, emotional, or cognitive.
What are two major controversies in developmental psychology? - ANSWER-Nature vs.
nurture and continuity vs. discontinuity.
What does the nature vs. nurture controversy focus on? - ANSWER-What causes
people to be the way they are.
ANSWER-Generativity
What is the result of unsuccessful completion of the first psychosocial stage according
to Erikson? - ANSWER-Mistrust
How many psychological stages did Erikson describe? - ANSWER-Eight
What need does the 'terrible two's' stem from according to Erikson? - ANSWER-
Autonomy
Is Freud's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Discontinuous
Is Erikson's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Discontinuous
Is Piaget's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Discontinuous
Is Skinner's theory continuous or discontinuous? - ANSWER-Continuous
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group birth to 18
months? - ANSWER-Oral
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group 18 months to 3
years? - ANSWER-Anal
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group 3 to 6 years? -
ANSWER-Phallic
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group 6 years to
puberty? - ANSWER-Latency
What is the psychosexual stage described by Freud for the age group puberty to
adulthood? - ANSWER-Genital
What stage theory covers the greatest breadth in detail according to Erikson? -
ANSWER-Erikson's
What type of development does Piaget focus on? - ANSWER-Cognitive development
What does Freud emphasize in his theory? - ANSWER-Psychosexual development
What is the negative possible outcome of the crisis in late adulthood according to
Erikson? - ANSWER-Despair
Who coined the term operant conditioning? - ANSWER-B.F. Skinner
What is social learning? - ANSWER-Process of altering behavior by observing and
imitating others
Who embraced a cognitive perspective in development? - ANSWER-Jean Piaget
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget? - ANSWER-1.
Sensorimotor, 2. Preoperational, 3. Concrete operational, 4. Formal operational
,What two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth according to
Piaget? - ANSWER-Assimilation and accommodation
What does information processing theory compare human thinking to? - ANSWER-
Computer analysis of data
Which theory holds that cognitive development is continuous? - ANSWER-Information
processing theory
Who is an example of a sociocultural theorist? - ANSWER-Lev Vygotsky
What does sociocultural theory emphasize? - ANSWER-Cultural transmission and the
role of key individuals in development
What does Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory focus on? - ANSWER-An
environment of development
What are the major periods of development? - ANSWER-Prenatal, infancy and
toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle
adulthood, late adulthood
What are distinctive features of human development? - ANSWER-Lifelong,
multidirectional, multidimensional, multidisciplinary
Is development specific to a certain period in life? - ANSWER-No, development is
lifelong
What does multidirectional change mean in human development? - ANSWER-Change
can be good, bad, or both simultaneously
What is considered maturation in development? - ANSWER-Becoming more developed
and advanced
What dimensions describe how development is multidimensional? - ANSWER-
Biological, social, emotional, and cognitive
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 0-1.5 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Hope, Failure: Mistrust
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 18 months-3 years? -
ANSWER-Virtue: Will, Failure: Shame/Doubt
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 3-5 years? - ANSWER-Virtue:
Purpose, Failure: Guilt
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 5-12 years? - ANSWER-Virtue:
Competence, Failure: Inferiority
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 12-18 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Fidelity, Failure: Role Confusion
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 18-40 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Love, Failure: Isolation
What is the virtue and failure of Erikson's stage for ages 40-65 years? - ANSWER-
Virtue: Care, Failure: Stagnation
What is virtue according to the document? - ANSWER-Wisdom, which enables one to
look back on life with a sense of closure and completeness, and accept death without
fear.
What is failure defined as in the document? - ANSWER-Despair, characterized by
dissatisfaction with life, feeling unproductive, guilt, depression, and hopelessness.
What are the types of behaviorism? - ANSWER-Classical conditioning, operant
conditioning, and social learning.
, What is classical conditioning? - ANSWER-A type of learning in which one learns to link
two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
What is operant conditioning? - ANSWER-A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Why do various disciplines study lifespan development? - ANSWER-It is important to
health professions, education, and social sciences.
What does the biological dimension refer to? - ANSWER-Physical changes going on in
the body and how external influences affect biology.
What does the social dimension refer to? - ANSWER-How the individual changes in
their social interactions with others.
What does the emotional dimension refer to? - ANSWER-How the individual changes in
how they regulate and experience emotion.
What does the cognitive dimension refer to? - ANSWER-How the individual changes in
the way they think.
What are the differences between Erikson, Freud, and Piaget's theories? - ANSWER-
Erikson covers the greatest breadth and detail from infancy to late adulthood,
incorporating social development more than the others. Piaget focuses on cognitive
development primarily in childhood, while Freud emphasizes psychosexual
development mainly in childhood and adolescence.
What is the first psychosocial stage of Erikson's theory? - ANSWER-Trust vs. Mistrust.
What age group is associated with the trust vs. mistrust stage? - ANSWER-Birth to 18
months.
What crisis occurs in the trust vs. mistrust stage? - ANSWER-Care by the primary
caregiver is vital; consistent care leads to trust and hope, while inconsistent care leads
to mistrust and fear.
What is the second psychosocial stage of Erikson's theory? - ANSWER-Identity vs. Role
Confusion.
What age group is associated with the identity vs. role confusion stage? - ANSWER-12
to 18 years old.
What crisis occurs in the identity vs. role confusion stage? - ANSWER-Searching for a
sense of self and personal identity through exploration of values, beliefs, and goals.
How should a parent navigate the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage with a toddler?
- ANSWER-Encourage independence while protecting them from constant failure,
allowing them to try tasks themselves.
What are the distinctive features of human development? - ANSWER-Lifelong,
multidirectional, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional.
What feature of human development describes change being good, bad, or both? -
ANSWER-Multidirectional.
How is aging considered in human development? - ANSWER-Multidirectional.
What does maturation refer to in development? - ANSWER-Becoming more developed
and advanced, can be physical, emotional, or cognitive.
What are two major controversies in developmental psychology? - ANSWER-Nature vs.
nurture and continuity vs. discontinuity.
What does the nature vs. nurture controversy focus on? - ANSWER-What causes
people to be the way they are.
