ISDS 361A FINAL EXAMPREP 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS FULL SOLUTION SET

ISDS 361A FINAL EXAMPREP 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS FULL
SOLUTION SET
◉ Individual (Case). Answer: The person/object being measured (ex: a
student).


◉ Variable. Answer: A characteristic that can vary from one individual
to another.


◉ Categorical (Qualitative) Variable. Answer: Values are
categories/labels (ex: gender, major).


◉ Quantitative Variable. Answer: Values are numbers where arithmetic
makes sense (ex: height, GPA).


◉ Nominal Variable. Answer: Categorical with NO order (ex: gender,
hair color).


◉ Ordinal Variable. Answer: Categorical with an order (ex: class level,
rating 1-5).


◉ Discrete Variable. Answer: Quantitative count (usually whole
numbers) (ex: # of classes).

, ◉ Continuous Variable. Answer: Quantitative measurement (can be
decimals) (ex: time, weight).


◉ Frequency. Answer: How many times a value/category occurs.


◉ Relative Frequency. Answer: Frequency ÷ total (a
proportion/percent).


◉ Distribution. Answer: The pattern of values (what values occur and
how often).


◉ Histogram. Answer: Graph for quantitative data showing counts in
intervals (bins).


◉ Bar Chart. Answer: Graph for categorical data showing counts per
category.


◉ Shape. Answer: The overall look of a distribution
(symmetric/skewed/peaks).


◉ Symmetric Distribution. Answer: Left/right sides are similar; mean ≈
median.


◉ Skewed Right (Positive). Answer: Long tail right; mean > median.