GALEN A&P NU-110 Exam 4 Testbank
Actual Exam 2026/2027 with Detailed
Rationales | Complete Exam-Style
Questions | Pass Guaranteed – A+
Graded
Q1: A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic kidney disease stage 4. Which laboratory finding
would the nurse expect to see?
A. Decreased blood urea nitrogen
B. Increased glomerular filtration rate
C. Elevated serum creatinine level [CORRECT]
D. Decreased serum phosphate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because as kidney function declines in CKD, the glomerular filtration rate
decreases and serum creatinine accumulates due to impaired renal clearance, making elevated
creatinine a hallmark finding.
Q2: Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
A. The uvula
B. The vocal cords
C. The epiglottis [CORRECT]
D. The glottis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage that closes over the larynx
during swallowing, directing food into the esophagus and preventing aspiration into the trachea.
,Q3: A patient presents with a serum sodium of 128 mEq/L, confusion, and headache after
excessive water intake. Which condition does the nurse suspect?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Dehydration
C. Hyponatremia [CORRECT]
D. Hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because a serum sodium below 135 mEq/L defines hyponatremia, and
excessive water intake dilutes extracellular sodium, causing cerebral edema that manifests as
confusion and headache.
Q4: In the nephron, where does the majority of glucose reabsorption occur?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule [CORRECT]
D. Collecting duct
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of filtered
water and nearly 100% of glucose under normal conditions via sodium-glucose cotransporters.
Q5: Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?
A. Prolactin
B. Estrogen
C. Oxytocin [CORRECT]
D. Progesterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, stimulates strong
rhythmic contractions of the uterine myometrium during labor and facilitates milk ejection during
breastfeeding.
Q6: A patient with COPD presents with the following arterial blood gas: pH 7.32, PaCO2 58 mmHg,
HCO3 30 mEq/L. Which acid-base disorder does the nurse identify?
A. Respiratory alkalosis with compensation
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation [CORRECT]
D. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
Correct Answer: C
, Rationale: Correct because the decreased pH and elevated PaCO2 indicate respiratory acidosis
from hypoventilation, and the elevated bicarbonate represents renal compensation that has
occurred over time.
Q7: Which cell type produces surfactant in the alveoli?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. Alveolar macrophages
C. Type II alveolar cells [CORRECT]
D. Goblet cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because type II alveolar cells (septal cells) synthesize and secrete pulmonary
surfactant, which reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse at end-expiration.
Q8: The countercurrent multiplier system in the kidney is primarily associated with which structure?
A. Vasa recta
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle [CORRECT]
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, creating an
osmotic gradient in the renal medulla that enables urine concentration through the exchange of
solutes and water.
Q9: Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in blood and provides secondary immune response?
A. IgM
B. IgA
C. IgG [CORRECT]
D. IgE
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because IgG constitutes approximately 75-80% of serum antibodies, crosses the
placenta for passive immunity, and is the primary antibody involved in secondary immune
responses.
Q10: A nurse is reviewing the menstrual cycle with a patient. Which hormone surge triggers
ovulation?
A. Estrogen decline
B. Progesterone surge
C. Luteinizing hormone surge [CORRECT]
Actual Exam 2026/2027 with Detailed
Rationales | Complete Exam-Style
Questions | Pass Guaranteed – A+
Graded
Q1: A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic kidney disease stage 4. Which laboratory finding
would the nurse expect to see?
A. Decreased blood urea nitrogen
B. Increased glomerular filtration rate
C. Elevated serum creatinine level [CORRECT]
D. Decreased serum phosphate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because as kidney function declines in CKD, the glomerular filtration rate
decreases and serum creatinine accumulates due to impaired renal clearance, making elevated
creatinine a hallmark finding.
Q2: Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
A. The uvula
B. The vocal cords
C. The epiglottis [CORRECT]
D. The glottis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage that closes over the larynx
during swallowing, directing food into the esophagus and preventing aspiration into the trachea.
,Q3: A patient presents with a serum sodium of 128 mEq/L, confusion, and headache after
excessive water intake. Which condition does the nurse suspect?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Dehydration
C. Hyponatremia [CORRECT]
D. Hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because a serum sodium below 135 mEq/L defines hyponatremia, and
excessive water intake dilutes extracellular sodium, causing cerebral edema that manifests as
confusion and headache.
Q4: In the nephron, where does the majority of glucose reabsorption occur?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule [CORRECT]
D. Collecting duct
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of filtered
water and nearly 100% of glucose under normal conditions via sodium-glucose cotransporters.
Q5: Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?
A. Prolactin
B. Estrogen
C. Oxytocin [CORRECT]
D. Progesterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, stimulates strong
rhythmic contractions of the uterine myometrium during labor and facilitates milk ejection during
breastfeeding.
Q6: A patient with COPD presents with the following arterial blood gas: pH 7.32, PaCO2 58 mmHg,
HCO3 30 mEq/L. Which acid-base disorder does the nurse identify?
A. Respiratory alkalosis with compensation
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation [CORRECT]
D. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
Correct Answer: C
, Rationale: Correct because the decreased pH and elevated PaCO2 indicate respiratory acidosis
from hypoventilation, and the elevated bicarbonate represents renal compensation that has
occurred over time.
Q7: Which cell type produces surfactant in the alveoli?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. Alveolar macrophages
C. Type II alveolar cells [CORRECT]
D. Goblet cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because type II alveolar cells (septal cells) synthesize and secrete pulmonary
surfactant, which reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse at end-expiration.
Q8: The countercurrent multiplier system in the kidney is primarily associated with which structure?
A. Vasa recta
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle [CORRECT]
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, creating an
osmotic gradient in the renal medulla that enables urine concentration through the exchange of
solutes and water.
Q9: Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in blood and provides secondary immune response?
A. IgM
B. IgA
C. IgG [CORRECT]
D. IgE
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because IgG constitutes approximately 75-80% of serum antibodies, crosses the
placenta for passive immunity, and is the primary antibody involved in secondary immune
responses.
Q10: A nurse is reviewing the menstrual cycle with a patient. Which hormone surge triggers
ovulation?
A. Estrogen decline
B. Progesterone surge
C. Luteinizing hormone surge [CORRECT]
