Pathophysiology NSG 533 Exam 3 Actual
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Solutions) | Already Graded A+ |
Complete Review Pack
• according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? -✓✓- do not have
HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
• according to the universal definition, what is "HF" -✓✓- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
• who is most at risk for HF -✓✓black males and females; older women
• two biggest causes of HF -✓✓1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
• calculate EF -✓✓SV/LVEDV
• synonym for inotropy -✓✓contraction (HFrEF)
• synonym for lusitropy -✓✓relaxation (HFpEF)
• two organizations for classification of HF -✓✓1. American Heart Assocation
(A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical
activity limitations
• how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF -✓✓cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
,once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have
HF
• compensatory mechanisms for HF -✓✓1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) -
can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause
mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
• two types of angiotensin II -✓✓1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
• effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF -✓✓- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
• are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? -✓✓20x higher than normal
• effects of aldosterone on HF -✓✓- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
• list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease -✓✓-
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
• what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on?
-✓✓1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
• what hormones worsen HF -✓✓- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
, - catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
• hormones that are good for HF -✓✓- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
• types of ventricular remodeling -✓✓- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic
HF, too stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
• blood flow of the heart from right side to left side -✓✓1. deoxygenated blood
from the systemic system enters the superior/inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonary valve
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs where blood is oxygenated
8. pulmonary veins
9. left atrium
10. mitral/bicuspid valve
11. left ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. aorta
14. oxygenated blood to the systemic system
• s/s right sided HF -✓✓- jugular vein distension
- edema
- ascites
- hepatomegaly
• s/s left sided HF -✓✓- pulmonary congestion
- SOB
- Crackles
- orthopnea
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Solutions) | Already Graded A+ |
Complete Review Pack
• according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? -✓✓- do not have
HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
• according to the universal definition, what is "HF" -✓✓- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
• who is most at risk for HF -✓✓black males and females; older women
• two biggest causes of HF -✓✓1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
• calculate EF -✓✓SV/LVEDV
• synonym for inotropy -✓✓contraction (HFrEF)
• synonym for lusitropy -✓✓relaxation (HFpEF)
• two organizations for classification of HF -✓✓1. American Heart Assocation
(A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical
activity limitations
• how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF -✓✓cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
,once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have
HF
• compensatory mechanisms for HF -✓✓1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) -
can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause
mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
• two types of angiotensin II -✓✓1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
• effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF -✓✓- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
• are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? -✓✓20x higher than normal
• effects of aldosterone on HF -✓✓- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
• list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease -✓✓-
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
• what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on?
-✓✓1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
• what hormones worsen HF -✓✓- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
, - catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
• hormones that are good for HF -✓✓- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
• types of ventricular remodeling -✓✓- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic
HF, too stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
• blood flow of the heart from right side to left side -✓✓1. deoxygenated blood
from the systemic system enters the superior/inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonary valve
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs where blood is oxygenated
8. pulmonary veins
9. left atrium
10. mitral/bicuspid valve
11. left ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. aorta
14. oxygenated blood to the systemic system
• s/s right sided HF -✓✓- jugular vein distension
- edema
- ascites
- hepatomegaly
• s/s left sided HF -✓✓- pulmonary congestion
- SOB
- Crackles
- orthopnea
