WGU C207 Data Driven Decision Making
Z-Score - answerData points only. Measurement of a scores relationship to the mean. A
statistical measure that indicates the number of standard deviations a data point is from
its mean.
Variance - answerHow far a set of numbers are spread. Used for Data set. Hint Words =
Risk, spread.
Multiplication Rule - answerA method for finding the probability that both of two events
occur. When the probabilities of multiple events are multiplied together to determine the
likelihood of all of the events happening. Word Hint: And
Addition Rule - answerA method for finding the probability that either or both of two
events occur. When two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, the probability that A
or B will occur is the sum of the probability of each event. Word Hint: Either/or.
Combination Rule - answerHow many combinations can be made.
Bayes Theorem - answerProbability of an event , based on conditions that might be
related to the event. Conditional probability. A formula that calculates conditional
probabilities. Important for understanding how new information affects the probabilities
of outcomes. Word Hint: Given that.
Median - answerNumber halfway into the data set. Hint Word: Typical
Mode - answerNumber that occurs most often in a data set.
Mean - answerAverage. Add all numbers and divide.
Standard Deviation - answerHow spread out the numbers are. Square root of the
variance.
Pareto Chart - answerContains both line and bar graphs. Ordered by frequency of
occurrence that shows how many results were generated by each identified cause.
Cause and Effect Diagram - answerShows the causes of a specific event.
,Check Sheet - answerCollect data in real time.
Control Chart - answerDetermines whether a process should undergo a formal exam for
quality.
Histogram - answerGraph representing the distribution of numeric data. Measures how
continuous data is distributed over various ranges. Example: Displays how many people
fall in various ranges of height.
Scatter Diagram - answerA graphic that uses dots to show relationships or correlations
between variables
Flow/Run Chart - answerShows the workflow process
Bar Chart - answerGraph of schedule-related info. Example: Measures how many
people are from each state.
Box - Plot - answerUsed while studying the composition of a data set to examine the
distribution (non - parametric data) uses median and percentiles rather than averages.
(Look for Spread and Median.)
Dependent Variable - answerDependent upon the Independent variable
Independent Variable - answerVariable the drives the dependent variable
Range - answerDifference between the lowest and highest number in a data set.
Example: 4,6,9,3,7 Range = 9-3 =6
T-Statistic - answerStatistic (derived from a sample) used in hypothesis testing.
Determines if 2 sample means are significantly different from each other.
Central Limit Theorem - answerDistribution of average of a large number of
independent, identical, variables will be approximately normal. OR the idea that if a
large enough number of samples is taken, the means of those samples will be normally
distributed around the population mean.
F-Statistic - answerValue you get when you run an ANOVA test or a regression analysis
to find out if the means between two populations are significantly different.
,ANOVA - answer(Analysis of Variance) - Collection of statistical models used to analyze
the differences among group means, (Three or more groups) Compares samples over
different times. Uses same software as regression, but takes multiple sets of data and
tries to find the difference between the groups. At least three groups of data and sees if
there is any statistical value. Used to determine if there is a significant difference among
three or more means.
Linear Regression - answerDescribes data and explains the relationship between one
dependent variable and one more independent variables. Predictive analysis. Linear
relationship between two variables can be measured by its strength
Strong Linear - answerBunch around a straight line
Weak Linear - answerScattered
Negative Linear - answerWhen one values decreases as the other increases
Positive - answerWhen both values increase together.
Correlation Coefficient - answerThe strength of a linear relationship.
A number between -1 and 1
Close to 0 means a weak linear relationship
Closer to -1 or 1 means strong linear relationship
Equal to exactly -1 or 1 considered perfectly linear
Negative linear relationships have correlations less than 0
Strong linear relationships have correlations great than 0
Correlation - answerA and B may happen at the same time, but may not be related.
R - Squared - answerThe term "R-squared" or "R2" provides a measure of "goodness of
fit."
Chi - Squared - answerAssess the goodness of fit between observed values and those
expected theoretically. A chi-squared test is commonly used in statistics to draw
inferences about a population, by testing sample data. A chi-squared test is employed
for categorical data.
Linear Programming - answerUsed to achieve best outcomes such as maximum profit
or lowest cost. Give key points.
, Cross over Analysis - answerUsually doesn't have revenue. Finds the intersection of
two lines and shows which option is cheapest.
Interval Data - answer(Integer) Data this is ordered within a range with each data point
being an equal interval apart. Example: Level of happiness, degrees in Fahrenheit.
Nominal Data - answerCalled "Categorical Data" or "Qualitative Data", data type is used
to label subjects by order of name. Breaks results into categories, like days of the week,
or states of the United States of America.
Valid Data - answerData from a test that accurately measures what it is intended to
measure.
Reliable Data - answerData that is consistent and repeatable.
Ration Data - answerData that is ordered within a range with each data point being an
equal interval apart, also has a natural zero point which indicates none of the given
quality. Example: Height, Age.
Ordinal Data - answerData that is set into some kind of order on a scale. Example:
Athletes on the podium during the Olympic games.
Continuous Data - answerData that can lay along any point. Example: Height, Run
Times
Discrete Data - answerData that can only take on whole values and has clear
boundaries. Example: Number of students in a class room.
Inferential Statistics - answerUsed to make predictions about a population from a
sample.
IQR (Inter-quartile Range) - answerThe difference in value between the bottom and the
top 25% of the sample.
Cumulative Distribution - answerThe probability that a random variable will be found at a
value less than or equal to a given number.
Confidence Interval - answerAn internal estimate used to indicate reliability.
Complement - answerThe occurrence of an event not happening, the opposite.
Z-Score - answerData points only. Measurement of a scores relationship to the mean. A
statistical measure that indicates the number of standard deviations a data point is from
its mean.
Variance - answerHow far a set of numbers are spread. Used for Data set. Hint Words =
Risk, spread.
Multiplication Rule - answerA method for finding the probability that both of two events
occur. When the probabilities of multiple events are multiplied together to determine the
likelihood of all of the events happening. Word Hint: And
Addition Rule - answerA method for finding the probability that either or both of two
events occur. When two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, the probability that A
or B will occur is the sum of the probability of each event. Word Hint: Either/or.
Combination Rule - answerHow many combinations can be made.
Bayes Theorem - answerProbability of an event , based on conditions that might be
related to the event. Conditional probability. A formula that calculates conditional
probabilities. Important for understanding how new information affects the probabilities
of outcomes. Word Hint: Given that.
Median - answerNumber halfway into the data set. Hint Word: Typical
Mode - answerNumber that occurs most often in a data set.
Mean - answerAverage. Add all numbers and divide.
Standard Deviation - answerHow spread out the numbers are. Square root of the
variance.
Pareto Chart - answerContains both line and bar graphs. Ordered by frequency of
occurrence that shows how many results were generated by each identified cause.
Cause and Effect Diagram - answerShows the causes of a specific event.
,Check Sheet - answerCollect data in real time.
Control Chart - answerDetermines whether a process should undergo a formal exam for
quality.
Histogram - answerGraph representing the distribution of numeric data. Measures how
continuous data is distributed over various ranges. Example: Displays how many people
fall in various ranges of height.
Scatter Diagram - answerA graphic that uses dots to show relationships or correlations
between variables
Flow/Run Chart - answerShows the workflow process
Bar Chart - answerGraph of schedule-related info. Example: Measures how many
people are from each state.
Box - Plot - answerUsed while studying the composition of a data set to examine the
distribution (non - parametric data) uses median and percentiles rather than averages.
(Look for Spread and Median.)
Dependent Variable - answerDependent upon the Independent variable
Independent Variable - answerVariable the drives the dependent variable
Range - answerDifference between the lowest and highest number in a data set.
Example: 4,6,9,3,7 Range = 9-3 =6
T-Statistic - answerStatistic (derived from a sample) used in hypothesis testing.
Determines if 2 sample means are significantly different from each other.
Central Limit Theorem - answerDistribution of average of a large number of
independent, identical, variables will be approximately normal. OR the idea that if a
large enough number of samples is taken, the means of those samples will be normally
distributed around the population mean.
F-Statistic - answerValue you get when you run an ANOVA test or a regression analysis
to find out if the means between two populations are significantly different.
,ANOVA - answer(Analysis of Variance) - Collection of statistical models used to analyze
the differences among group means, (Three or more groups) Compares samples over
different times. Uses same software as regression, but takes multiple sets of data and
tries to find the difference between the groups. At least three groups of data and sees if
there is any statistical value. Used to determine if there is a significant difference among
three or more means.
Linear Regression - answerDescribes data and explains the relationship between one
dependent variable and one more independent variables. Predictive analysis. Linear
relationship between two variables can be measured by its strength
Strong Linear - answerBunch around a straight line
Weak Linear - answerScattered
Negative Linear - answerWhen one values decreases as the other increases
Positive - answerWhen both values increase together.
Correlation Coefficient - answerThe strength of a linear relationship.
A number between -1 and 1
Close to 0 means a weak linear relationship
Closer to -1 or 1 means strong linear relationship
Equal to exactly -1 or 1 considered perfectly linear
Negative linear relationships have correlations less than 0
Strong linear relationships have correlations great than 0
Correlation - answerA and B may happen at the same time, but may not be related.
R - Squared - answerThe term "R-squared" or "R2" provides a measure of "goodness of
fit."
Chi - Squared - answerAssess the goodness of fit between observed values and those
expected theoretically. A chi-squared test is commonly used in statistics to draw
inferences about a population, by testing sample data. A chi-squared test is employed
for categorical data.
Linear Programming - answerUsed to achieve best outcomes such as maximum profit
or lowest cost. Give key points.
, Cross over Analysis - answerUsually doesn't have revenue. Finds the intersection of
two lines and shows which option is cheapest.
Interval Data - answer(Integer) Data this is ordered within a range with each data point
being an equal interval apart. Example: Level of happiness, degrees in Fahrenheit.
Nominal Data - answerCalled "Categorical Data" or "Qualitative Data", data type is used
to label subjects by order of name. Breaks results into categories, like days of the week,
or states of the United States of America.
Valid Data - answerData from a test that accurately measures what it is intended to
measure.
Reliable Data - answerData that is consistent and repeatable.
Ration Data - answerData that is ordered within a range with each data point being an
equal interval apart, also has a natural zero point which indicates none of the given
quality. Example: Height, Age.
Ordinal Data - answerData that is set into some kind of order on a scale. Example:
Athletes on the podium during the Olympic games.
Continuous Data - answerData that can lay along any point. Example: Height, Run
Times
Discrete Data - answerData that can only take on whole values and has clear
boundaries. Example: Number of students in a class room.
Inferential Statistics - answerUsed to make predictions about a population from a
sample.
IQR (Inter-quartile Range) - answerThe difference in value between the bottom and the
top 25% of the sample.
Cumulative Distribution - answerThe probability that a random variable will be found at a
value less than or equal to a given number.
Confidence Interval - answerAn internal estimate used to indicate reliability.
Complement - answerThe occurrence of an event not happening, the opposite.
