BSC 2085 EXAM 2 Question and Answer
A+ Verified 100% Correct Questions
and Answers
• How many parts makeup the integumentary system? -✓✓The integument is made
up of two parts
1. Cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. Accessory structures
• Describe the Cutaneous Membrane -✓✓consist of two components:
Outer epidermis
Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
Inner dermis
Connective tissues
• Accessory Structure -✓✓Originate in the dermis
Extend through the epidermis to skin surface. Includes:
Hair, Nails, Multicellular exocrine glands
• What Systems are connected to the Integumentary system? -✓✓Cardiovascular
system- By blood vessels in the dermis
Nervous system- By sensory receptors that detect stimuli for pain, touch, and
temperature
• Is the hypodermis part of the Integumentary system? -✓✓No, Located below the
dermis
-Composed of loose connective tissue: separates integument from the deep fascia
around organs
- Location of hypodermic injections
• 5 main functions of the Integumentary System? -✓✓1. Protection of underlying
tissues and organs
2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
3. Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
4. Production of melanin, keratin, vitamin D3, and storage of lipids
5. Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
PEMPD
,• Describe the Epidermis -✓✓Is avascular stratified squamous epithelium
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
Dominated by keratinocytes (most abundant type of epithelial cells) -contain large
amounts of the protein keratin
• Thin skin: location and layers -✓✓Covers most of the body
Has four layers of keratinocytes
• Thick skin: location and layers -✓✓Covers the palms of the hands and soles of
the feet
Has five layers of keratinocytes
• What are the 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin -✓✓1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3.Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (missing in thin skin)
5.Stratum corneum
Bottom to top
• What is the Stratum Basale? -✓✓-Is attached to basement membrane by
hemidesmosomes
-Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
-Forms epidermal ridges (basis of fingerprints)
-Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)- projections from the dermis-Increase the area of
basement membrane and ttrengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
-Has many basal cells, or germinative cells
• What determines fingerprints? -✓✓Determined by genetics and
uterine environment during fetal development.
• Do identical twins have the same fingerprints? -✓✓No
• What are specialized cells of Stratum Basale? -✓✓1. Merkel cells- specialized
epithelial tactile cells
Found in hairless skin
Respond to touch (trigger nervous system)
2. Melanocytes
,Contain the pigment melanin
Scattered throughout stratum basale
• What is the Stratum Spinosum? -✓✓"the "spiny layer"
-Produced by division of stratum basale
-Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
-Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (looks spiny) - under normal histological
preperations
-Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
-Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response - defend against
microorganisms that get past superficial layers of epidermis and defend against
superficial skin cancers
• Describe the Stratum Granulosum layer -✓✓-the "grainy layer", Stops dividing,
starts producing:
1. Keratin
A tough, fibrous protein
Makes up hair and nails
2. Keratohyalin
Dense granules
Cross-link keratin fibers
Note: as keratin accumulates, the cell flatten and its plasma membrane thickens
and becomes less permeable
• Describe the Stratum Lucidum -✓✓the "clear layer"
-Found only in thick skin
-Covers stratum granulosum
-Cells here are flattened, densely packed with keratin and are devoid of organelles
• Stratum Cornuem -✓✓-the "horn layer" (latin cornu=horn)
-Exposed surface of skin (15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells) lasts about 2 weeks
-Water resistant, not water proof!
-Shed and replaced every two weeks
-All exposed skin surfaces (except the anterior of the eyes) undergo cornification
(keratinization) - formation of protective, superficial layers of cells filled with
keratin
• Cells of Stratum Granulosum -✓✓-Produce protein fibers
-Dehydrate and die (organelles disintegrate)
, -Create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin
-Keratohylain cross links keratin and dehydrates cell
• Keratinization -✓✓-The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with
keratin
Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
• What is the skin life cycle? -✓✓Skin life cycle
-It takes 7 to 10 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum
-Once there, cells may remain at stratum corneum for an additional 2 weeks before
shedding off
• Two types of perspiration -✓✓Insensible and sensible
• What is Insensible perspiration -✓✓-Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through
the stratum corneum
-Lose approx. 500mL or 1 pint of H2O per day
• What is sensible perspiration? -✓✓Water excreted by sweat glands
• What are dehydration results? -✓✓-From damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns
and blisters [insensible perspiration])
-From immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g., seawater [osmosis]) -skin is NOT
water proof!
• What is hydration? -✓✓-Results from immersion in hypotonic solution (e.g.,
freshwater [osmosis])
-Causes swelling of epithelial cells, evident on the palms and soles
• What pigments influence skin color? -✓✓1. Carotene
2. Melanin
-Blood circulation (red blood cells) can also affect skin color
• What is Carotene? -✓✓-Orange-yellow pigment
-Found in orange vegetables
Carrots, squashes - if overconsumption, can turn skin orangish
-Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
A+ Verified 100% Correct Questions
and Answers
• How many parts makeup the integumentary system? -✓✓The integument is made
up of two parts
1. Cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. Accessory structures
• Describe the Cutaneous Membrane -✓✓consist of two components:
Outer epidermis
Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
Inner dermis
Connective tissues
• Accessory Structure -✓✓Originate in the dermis
Extend through the epidermis to skin surface. Includes:
Hair, Nails, Multicellular exocrine glands
• What Systems are connected to the Integumentary system? -✓✓Cardiovascular
system- By blood vessels in the dermis
Nervous system- By sensory receptors that detect stimuli for pain, touch, and
temperature
• Is the hypodermis part of the Integumentary system? -✓✓No, Located below the
dermis
-Composed of loose connective tissue: separates integument from the deep fascia
around organs
- Location of hypodermic injections
• 5 main functions of the Integumentary System? -✓✓1. Protection of underlying
tissues and organs
2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
3. Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
4. Production of melanin, keratin, vitamin D3, and storage of lipids
5. Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
PEMPD
,• Describe the Epidermis -✓✓Is avascular stratified squamous epithelium
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
Dominated by keratinocytes (most abundant type of epithelial cells) -contain large
amounts of the protein keratin
• Thin skin: location and layers -✓✓Covers most of the body
Has four layers of keratinocytes
• Thick skin: location and layers -✓✓Covers the palms of the hands and soles of
the feet
Has five layers of keratinocytes
• What are the 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin -✓✓1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3.Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (missing in thin skin)
5.Stratum corneum
Bottom to top
• What is the Stratum Basale? -✓✓-Is attached to basement membrane by
hemidesmosomes
-Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
-Forms epidermal ridges (basis of fingerprints)
-Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)- projections from the dermis-Increase the area of
basement membrane and ttrengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
-Has many basal cells, or germinative cells
• What determines fingerprints? -✓✓Determined by genetics and
uterine environment during fetal development.
• Do identical twins have the same fingerprints? -✓✓No
• What are specialized cells of Stratum Basale? -✓✓1. Merkel cells- specialized
epithelial tactile cells
Found in hairless skin
Respond to touch (trigger nervous system)
2. Melanocytes
,Contain the pigment melanin
Scattered throughout stratum basale
• What is the Stratum Spinosum? -✓✓"the "spiny layer"
-Produced by division of stratum basale
-Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
-Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (looks spiny) - under normal histological
preperations
-Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
-Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response - defend against
microorganisms that get past superficial layers of epidermis and defend against
superficial skin cancers
• Describe the Stratum Granulosum layer -✓✓-the "grainy layer", Stops dividing,
starts producing:
1. Keratin
A tough, fibrous protein
Makes up hair and nails
2. Keratohyalin
Dense granules
Cross-link keratin fibers
Note: as keratin accumulates, the cell flatten and its plasma membrane thickens
and becomes less permeable
• Describe the Stratum Lucidum -✓✓the "clear layer"
-Found only in thick skin
-Covers stratum granulosum
-Cells here are flattened, densely packed with keratin and are devoid of organelles
• Stratum Cornuem -✓✓-the "horn layer" (latin cornu=horn)
-Exposed surface of skin (15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells) lasts about 2 weeks
-Water resistant, not water proof!
-Shed and replaced every two weeks
-All exposed skin surfaces (except the anterior of the eyes) undergo cornification
(keratinization) - formation of protective, superficial layers of cells filled with
keratin
• Cells of Stratum Granulosum -✓✓-Produce protein fibers
-Dehydrate and die (organelles disintegrate)
, -Create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin
-Keratohylain cross links keratin and dehydrates cell
• Keratinization -✓✓-The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with
keratin
Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
• What is the skin life cycle? -✓✓Skin life cycle
-It takes 7 to 10 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum
-Once there, cells may remain at stratum corneum for an additional 2 weeks before
shedding off
• Two types of perspiration -✓✓Insensible and sensible
• What is Insensible perspiration -✓✓-Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through
the stratum corneum
-Lose approx. 500mL or 1 pint of H2O per day
• What is sensible perspiration? -✓✓Water excreted by sweat glands
• What are dehydration results? -✓✓-From damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns
and blisters [insensible perspiration])
-From immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g., seawater [osmosis]) -skin is NOT
water proof!
• What is hydration? -✓✓-Results from immersion in hypotonic solution (e.g.,
freshwater [osmosis])
-Causes swelling of epithelial cells, evident on the palms and soles
• What pigments influence skin color? -✓✓1. Carotene
2. Melanin
-Blood circulation (red blood cells) can also affect skin color
• What is Carotene? -✓✓-Orange-yellow pigment
-Found in orange vegetables
Carrots, squashes - if overconsumption, can turn skin orangish
-Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
