HSCI 130 - MIDTERM 1 (LECTURE) STUDY GUIDE
Learning Outcomes - Week 1 - Answers - 1. Describe approaches to health and
wellness
2. Explain the elements, features and assumptions of Western science
3. Identify examples of health sciences
4. Define what theoretical paradigms are and suggest how they influence science
What is Science? - Answers - -A systematic and empirical study of ourselves and the
world around us
-Process of observation, explanation, experimentation and prediction (POEE)
-results in a systematized body of knowledge about a particular phenomena or group of
phenomena, attained by verifiable means
-Both a human activity and a body of knowledge based on thinking and action of people
to describe and test explanations of features of shared reality
What are Concepts? - Answers - -Abstraction of reality
-Expressed through languages or symbols
-Definable
-Denotes all of the objects and organizes our observations in a given phenomena
-Elements of theory
What are Facts? - Answers - -something generally accepted to be true
-It has not been disproven
-Objective and verifiable info
**in the same framework, people do not disagree about facts
What is Data? - Answers - observations that are measured and measurable
What is Theory? - Answers - -Set of ideas (concepts) and STATEMENTS that link ideas
together
-Constructed to describe, to explain, to predict, to control
-Can be FALSFIED and tested
-Framework
_brings hypotheses together
-Supported by evidence
,What are the Features of Western Science? List Four - Answers - -Theory is ALWAYS
Falsifiable
-Collective activity to acquire knowledge
-communicated through scientific language
-defined rules
-REPLICATION (Results are verified via repetitive results)
What are assumptions of Western Science? - Answers - -shared biophsical social world
-humans can investigate our world
-independent investigation
-individuals and groups of scientists can compare ideas, methods and results with
similar conclusions!
-CASUAL processes exist (Everything has a cause)
What is Health Science? - Answers - -Disciplines foucsed on wellness, health, illness
and disease
-Application of knowledge to improve wellness, health, illness and disease
What are Health Sci Jobs? List 3. - Answers - Medicine, Nursing, Health psychology,
Toxicology, Epidemiology, Virology, immunology, Health sociology, Health informatics,
Medical anthropology
Paradigms? - Answers - -a FRAMEWORK of Ways of thinking about an aspect of reality
that are shared by members of a particular discipline or group of people that influence
how science is carried out.
Learning Outcomes Week 2 - Answers - 1. Define the major constructs of health, illness
and disease
2. Differentiate between personal and population health and indicate a variety of ways
health, illness and disease are measured
3. Explain why health, illness and disease change over time
4. Describe the major paradigms in the sociology of health and the question and foci of
each paradigm
What is Health? (list the different ways of viewing 'health') - Answers - 1. Normality-
illness and pain (physical & mental) free as deviation
2. Balance
3. adaptation to environment
, 4. Able to fulfill daily tasks (functional)
5. Being fit
6. A state of physical, mental and social well-being
7. Absence of disease
8. A resource for living
Describe the Iceberg of Health - Answers - -Iceberg of morbidity (rate of disease)
**Formal & Informal Care**
-above water is visible and measured morbidity - (daily limitations, med services, death)
-below water is day-to-day unmeasured morbidity which promotes self-care or no care
(Ex): iceberg of injuries - most minor injuries are unreported
(Ex): iceberg of disability - we know about how the essentials of living is affected but not
social/leisure
Formal Care Vs Informal Care - Answers - **Iceberg Metaphor**
Visible - physicians & professional health providers & hospitals & pharmacy & med tech
invisible - lay health beliefs, self-care practices, social support, self-help
Lay Beliefs - Answers - Comprising ideas and POVs f ordinary people to make sense of
and find meaning in their everyday life including health & illness
(Ex) health-protective behaviours like selfcare
(Ex) - important in defining Health status as we define good health and ill health , ideas
how to manage health
Health Status vs Health State - Answers - a)characteristic of being healthy/unhealthy -
long term attribute
b) present health of individual
Health - list 3 definitions - compare and contrast. - Answers - Western Medicine:
absence of disease
WHO: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Ottawa Charter: Resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a
positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical
capacities.
UT: Mental health is the capacity of each and all to feel think, act in ways that enhance
our ability to enjoy life and deal with the challenges we face. It is a positive sense of
Learning Outcomes - Week 1 - Answers - 1. Describe approaches to health and
wellness
2. Explain the elements, features and assumptions of Western science
3. Identify examples of health sciences
4. Define what theoretical paradigms are and suggest how they influence science
What is Science? - Answers - -A systematic and empirical study of ourselves and the
world around us
-Process of observation, explanation, experimentation and prediction (POEE)
-results in a systematized body of knowledge about a particular phenomena or group of
phenomena, attained by verifiable means
-Both a human activity and a body of knowledge based on thinking and action of people
to describe and test explanations of features of shared reality
What are Concepts? - Answers - -Abstraction of reality
-Expressed through languages or symbols
-Definable
-Denotes all of the objects and organizes our observations in a given phenomena
-Elements of theory
What are Facts? - Answers - -something generally accepted to be true
-It has not been disproven
-Objective and verifiable info
**in the same framework, people do not disagree about facts
What is Data? - Answers - observations that are measured and measurable
What is Theory? - Answers - -Set of ideas (concepts) and STATEMENTS that link ideas
together
-Constructed to describe, to explain, to predict, to control
-Can be FALSFIED and tested
-Framework
_brings hypotheses together
-Supported by evidence
,What are the Features of Western Science? List Four - Answers - -Theory is ALWAYS
Falsifiable
-Collective activity to acquire knowledge
-communicated through scientific language
-defined rules
-REPLICATION (Results are verified via repetitive results)
What are assumptions of Western Science? - Answers - -shared biophsical social world
-humans can investigate our world
-independent investigation
-individuals and groups of scientists can compare ideas, methods and results with
similar conclusions!
-CASUAL processes exist (Everything has a cause)
What is Health Science? - Answers - -Disciplines foucsed on wellness, health, illness
and disease
-Application of knowledge to improve wellness, health, illness and disease
What are Health Sci Jobs? List 3. - Answers - Medicine, Nursing, Health psychology,
Toxicology, Epidemiology, Virology, immunology, Health sociology, Health informatics,
Medical anthropology
Paradigms? - Answers - -a FRAMEWORK of Ways of thinking about an aspect of reality
that are shared by members of a particular discipline or group of people that influence
how science is carried out.
Learning Outcomes Week 2 - Answers - 1. Define the major constructs of health, illness
and disease
2. Differentiate between personal and population health and indicate a variety of ways
health, illness and disease are measured
3. Explain why health, illness and disease change over time
4. Describe the major paradigms in the sociology of health and the question and foci of
each paradigm
What is Health? (list the different ways of viewing 'health') - Answers - 1. Normality-
illness and pain (physical & mental) free as deviation
2. Balance
3. adaptation to environment
, 4. Able to fulfill daily tasks (functional)
5. Being fit
6. A state of physical, mental and social well-being
7. Absence of disease
8. A resource for living
Describe the Iceberg of Health - Answers - -Iceberg of morbidity (rate of disease)
**Formal & Informal Care**
-above water is visible and measured morbidity - (daily limitations, med services, death)
-below water is day-to-day unmeasured morbidity which promotes self-care or no care
(Ex): iceberg of injuries - most minor injuries are unreported
(Ex): iceberg of disability - we know about how the essentials of living is affected but not
social/leisure
Formal Care Vs Informal Care - Answers - **Iceberg Metaphor**
Visible - physicians & professional health providers & hospitals & pharmacy & med tech
invisible - lay health beliefs, self-care practices, social support, self-help
Lay Beliefs - Answers - Comprising ideas and POVs f ordinary people to make sense of
and find meaning in their everyday life including health & illness
(Ex) health-protective behaviours like selfcare
(Ex) - important in defining Health status as we define good health and ill health , ideas
how to manage health
Health Status vs Health State - Answers - a)characteristic of being healthy/unhealthy -
long term attribute
b) present health of individual
Health - list 3 definitions - compare and contrast. - Answers - Western Medicine:
absence of disease
WHO: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Ottawa Charter: Resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a
positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical
capacities.
UT: Mental health is the capacity of each and all to feel think, act in ways that enhance
our ability to enjoy life and deal with the challenges we face. It is a positive sense of
