BPK 140 UNIT 10 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BPK 140 UNIT 10 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Drug - Answers any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body Psychoactive drug - Answers A drug that can alter a person's perceptions, mood, behaviour, or consciousness Causes intoxication Intoxication - Answers A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur Addictive behaviour - Answers Any habit that becomes out of control, resulting in a negative effect on a person's health Addiction - Answers a chronic disease that disrupts the brain's system of motivation and reward, characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behavior, and by harm to the individual and/or society Characteristics of addiction - Answers reinforcement, compulsion or craving, loss of control, escalation, negative consequences Types of Addictive Behaviours - Answers Substance use disorder Gambling disorder Social media disorder Gaming disorder Compulsive buying or shopping Work addiction Compulsive exercise Sex addiction Routes of administration of drugs - Answers oral dosage, intravenous injection, inhalation, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection Which route of administration is more likely to cause dependence - Answers - Injecting/smoking drugs - it is a strong stimulus-response pairing - they wear off more quickly •Users may take more frequent doses Which route of administration is more likely to transmit infectious diseases such as hepatitis & HIV. - Answers Injecting drugs How do drugs affect the brain - Answers • Changes in brain chemistry • Altered effects of neurotransmitters • Some increase the effects of dopamine in the brain's reward and pleasure pathway • Nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, heroin and amphetamines all affect dopamine levels Factors that Influence Drug Effects - Answers • Pharmacological properties (e.g. composition) • Dose-response function (e.g. intensity) • Time-action function (e.g. lag time) • Drug use history (e.g. first time or not) • Route of administration (e.g. oral or injection) • Physical factors (e.g. weight) - the effects of a certain dose of a drug un a person who weighs 50 kg will exceed its effect on a person who weighs 100kg • Psychological factors (e.g. setting) -People believe that a given drug will affect them a certain way, so they ave lively to experience those effects regardless of their pharmacological properties CNS stimulants and examples - Answers speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system - caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, Ritalin Most popular psychoactive drug - Answers caffeine Examples: coffee, tea, cocoa, energy drinks - mild stimulant, effects at low doses are relatively harmless Excess consumption of caffeine can cause what - Answers Can cause shaking, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irregular heart beat Withdrawal of caffeine - Answers Causes irritability, drowsiness & headaches Nicotine - Answers Stimulant drug in cigarettes and e-cigs Stimulates the cerebral cortex Leading preventable cause of death disease, and disability - Answers tobacco use Smoking associations - Answers - Smoking is strongly associated with CVD and lung cancer -Carcinogens in cigarette smoke damage DNA, and poisons weaken tumor fighters - chronic smoking con also cause bronchitis, emphysema, and reproductive complications E-cigarettes/vaping - Answers • Uses a mouthpiece, heating element, battery and liquid • Not yet known to be safer than traditional cigarettes • Vapour still may contain harmful chemicals or unsafe levels of nicotine (currently unregulated) • May help with quitting smoking, may also perpetuate addiction • WHO does not recommend use until studies determine safety Long term effects of smoking - Answers cardiovascular disease, lung disease, cancer Short term effects of smoking - Answers Constricts blood vessels, stimulates brain, dull taste buds, accelerates heart rate, elevates bp, depresses hunger contractions, inhibits production of urine in kidneys Smoking effects on lungs - Answers Smoke slows then stops action of cilia, eventually destroying it This leaves delicate membranes exposed to injury from substances inhaled in cig smoke Cocaine - Answers • potent CNS stimulant - derived from coca plant Cocaine effects - Answers Euphoria, paranoid ideations, rapid heart breathing rate, decreased appetite, invincibility, power - activates the brain's reward pathway (dopamine) - short lasting and ends abruptly - Repeated use can lead to insomnia, weight loss, impotence - overdose can cause death due to heart irregularities Amphetamines - Answers • Powerful stimulants effects similar to cocaine; highly addictive Example: methamphetamine; "meth" Can be made from household ingredients, therefore cheap • Cause high levels of dopamine • Promote tolerance, powerfully addictive, very high relapse rate • Chronic use may lead to severe weight loss, heart attack, stroke, paranoia, psychosis, violent behavior. Amphetamine psychosis - Answers psychotic features including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions MDMA/Ecstasy - Answers • "X" , "molly"; stimulant and mild hallucinogen • Mood elevator (increases serotonin) • Euphoria, increased energy, heightened sense of belonging • "Coming down' associated with serotonin imbalances, promoting depression • In a club/rave setting can produce dangerously high body temperature and potentially fatal dehydration • Especially dangerous when tolerance develops and user to take drug at a higher dose or mix with other drugs Hallucinogens - Answers A group of psychoactive drugs that alter perceptions (e.g. visual, auditory), feelings and thoughts • Some examples include: • LSD ("acid") • Psilocybin ("magic" mushrooms) • MDMA (primarily a stimulant) • DMT • Ketamine • PCP (angel dust) • Generally, less addictive LSD, PCP, psilocybin - Answers • LSD ("acid"), PCP (angel dust); psilocybin (magic mushrooms) are hallucinogens • These drugs alter perception, feelings and/or thoughts • Cause "altered states of consciousness" • Typically ingested, effects last ~8+ hrs • Risks of irrational acts while on the drug; LSD users may experience flashbacks • Tolerance develops, but with little physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms (generally not addictive) • Environment, mood, dose and one's expectations can have a profound effect on whether one has a 'good trip' or a 'bad trip' • Recent research suggests 'guided trips' may have therapeutic application for treating addictive behaviours Opioids - Answers • Opioids are a class of drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness and euphoria • Opium, heroin, methadone, morphine, codeine, Demerol, oxycodone, fentanyl • Derivatives or synthetic analogues opium from the opium poppy • Some prescribed for pain but most are powerfully addictive • Relaxation, euphoria, slowed breathing, slurred speech, impaired balance • Higher doses can cause stupor, unconsciousness, coma and death • Ongoing opioid (fentanyl) crisis in BC • Naloxone can reverse effects Cannabis - Answers Can be classified as a CNS depressant, hallucinogen or stimulant (various effects) • 45% of Canadians have tried cannabis (use is legal in Canada) • Active compound (THC) acts on cannabinoid receptors • Acute effects: mild euphoria, heightened perception, drowsiness, red eyes • Chronic effects: - May interfere with memory/learning - Associated with reproductive dysfunction - May promote schizophrenia in those susceptible, especially if used during adolescence - Biggest health risk is effects on airways - Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens