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Résumé Fiche de révision Probabilités L1 IG2I — Lois, Espérance & Bayes

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Fiche complète sur les probabilités en L1 IG2I. Couvre les axiomes, Bayes, variables aléatoires discrètes et continues, toutes les lois (Binomiale, Poisson, Normale, Exponentielle), espérance et variance.

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Fiche de révision — Probabilités L1 IG2I

1. Axiomes & Probabilités

Règles de base
$$\boxed{P(\bar{A}) = 1 - P(A)}$$

$$\boxed{P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)}$$

Si A ∩ B = ∅ : P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)

Probabilité totale (SCE (Ai)) :

$$\boxed{P(X) = \sum_i P(X/A_i) \cdot P(A_i)}$$


Probabilité conditionnelle & Bayes
$$\boxed{P(A/B) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}}$$

$$\boxed{P(A_j/X) = \frac{P(A_j) \cdot P(X/A_j)}{\sum_i P(A_i) \cdot P(X/A_i)}}$$

Indépendance : P(A∩B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B) ⇔ P(A/B) = P(A)


Méthode Bayes : identifier causes (Ai) + effet X → tableau avec P(Ai) et P(X/Ai) → calculer P(X) → appliquer la formule →
vérifier ∑P(Ai/X) = 1




2. Variable aléatoire

Discrète
$$\boxed{F(x) = P(X \leq x) = \sum_{x_i \leq x} f(x_i)}$$

P(a≤X≤b) = F(b) − F(a−) — somme des f(xi) de a à b


Méthode : dresser le tableau (xi,f(xi)), vérifier ∑f = 1, construire la CDF par somme cumulée.


Continue
$$\boxed{F(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{x} f(t),dt} \qquad P(a \leq X \leq b) = F(b) - F(a)$$


Méthode : trouver λ en résolvant ∫f = 1 → vérifier f ≥ 0 → F = primitive de f avec F(−∞) = 0 → E(X) = ∫xf(x), dx, Var(X) = E(X2)
− [E(X)]2




3. Espérance & Variance

$$\boxed{E(X) = \sum x \cdot f(x) \quad \text{ou} \quad \int x \cdot f(x),dx}$$

$$\boxed{\text{Var}(X) = E(X^2) - [E(X)]^2}$$


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