NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam 2026 With Approved Student
Resource, Verified Questions & Answers
for Student pass A+ Grade
Acute renal failure - ............ANSWER..........Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - ............ANSWER..........Diagnosing by clinical
symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ............ANSWER..........Goals of
Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
,
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ............ANSWER..........Chronic Kidney Disease
(CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic
disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ............ANSWER..........End-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause
being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the
patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
,
Stage I CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is kidney damage with
normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is kidney damage with
mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is a moderate decrease in
GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is a severe decrease in
GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - ............ANSWER..........Kidney failure- End-stage renal
disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - ............ANSWER..........Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Exam 2026 With Approved Student
Resource, Verified Questions & Answers
for Student pass A+ Grade
Acute renal failure - ............ANSWER..........Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - ............ANSWER..........Diagnosing by clinical
symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ............ANSWER..........Goals of
Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
,
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ............ANSWER..........Chronic Kidney Disease
(CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic
disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ............ANSWER..........End-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause
being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the
patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
,
Stage I CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is kidney damage with
normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is kidney damage with
mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is a moderate decrease in
GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ............ANSWER..........There is a severe decrease in
GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - ............ANSWER..........Kidney failure- End-stage renal
disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - ............ANSWER..........Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
