General Biology 1 Exam 5 Study Guide
Question and answers correctly
solved 2025/2026
What are telomeres? - correct answer ✔-Specialized structures found on the ends of eukaryotic
chromosomes
-Protect ends of chromosomes from nucleases and maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes
What are the complementary base pairs of DNA? Bases of RNA? - correct answer ✔-DNA: Adenosine,
Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
-RNA: Adenosine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
What is attached to the 5' carbon and 3' carbon ends of the DNA strands? - correct answer ✔-The 5'
carbon has a phosphate group attached to it and the 3' carbon a hydroxyl group.
How is DNA replicated? What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication? Function of each enzyme? -
correct answer ✔DNA Replication Requires
-Something to copy
-Something to do the copying
-Building blocks to make copy
Replication Enzymes:
-DNA Helicase: Unzips the two strands of DNA in a helix so that they can be copied
-DNA Ligase: Seals together breaks of nicks in a DNA strand. Patches together Okazaki fragments on the
lagging strand during replication
-DNA Polymerase: Catalyzes the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA both during and after
replication.
-Primase: Initiates synthesis of RNA primers on the lagging strand during replication.
, What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? - correct answer ✔-Information only flows from DNA
-> RNA -> Protein
How is DNA transcribed and translated? (know enzymes involved too) - correct answer ✔-
Transcription: The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
-Translation: The process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
-Enzymes involved: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication differ? - correct answer ✔Eukaryotic:
-Larger amount of DNA in multiple chromosomes
-Linear structure
-Requires new enzymatic activity for dealing with ends only
Prokaryotic:
-E.coli model
-Single circular DNA
-Replication begins at one origin of replication
-Proceeds in both directions around chromosome
How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis differ? - correct answer ✔Eukaryotic:
-Takes place in nucleus
Prokaryotic:
-Takes place in the cytoplasm
What is a ribosome? mRNA? tRNA? - correct answer ✔-Ribosome: small organelles composed of two
subunits where proteins are synthesized/assembled
-mRNA: RNA molecules that carry copies of instructions for specific proteins
-tRNA: transfers amino acids at the ribosome as specified by mRNA
Question and answers correctly
solved 2025/2026
What are telomeres? - correct answer ✔-Specialized structures found on the ends of eukaryotic
chromosomes
-Protect ends of chromosomes from nucleases and maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes
What are the complementary base pairs of DNA? Bases of RNA? - correct answer ✔-DNA: Adenosine,
Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
-RNA: Adenosine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
What is attached to the 5' carbon and 3' carbon ends of the DNA strands? - correct answer ✔-The 5'
carbon has a phosphate group attached to it and the 3' carbon a hydroxyl group.
How is DNA replicated? What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication? Function of each enzyme? -
correct answer ✔DNA Replication Requires
-Something to copy
-Something to do the copying
-Building blocks to make copy
Replication Enzymes:
-DNA Helicase: Unzips the two strands of DNA in a helix so that they can be copied
-DNA Ligase: Seals together breaks of nicks in a DNA strand. Patches together Okazaki fragments on the
lagging strand during replication
-DNA Polymerase: Catalyzes the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA both during and after
replication.
-Primase: Initiates synthesis of RNA primers on the lagging strand during replication.
, What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? - correct answer ✔-Information only flows from DNA
-> RNA -> Protein
How is DNA transcribed and translated? (know enzymes involved too) - correct answer ✔-
Transcription: The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
-Translation: The process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
-Enzymes involved: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication differ? - correct answer ✔Eukaryotic:
-Larger amount of DNA in multiple chromosomes
-Linear structure
-Requires new enzymatic activity for dealing with ends only
Prokaryotic:
-E.coli model
-Single circular DNA
-Replication begins at one origin of replication
-Proceeds in both directions around chromosome
How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis differ? - correct answer ✔Eukaryotic:
-Takes place in nucleus
Prokaryotic:
-Takes place in the cytoplasm
What is a ribosome? mRNA? tRNA? - correct answer ✔-Ribosome: small organelles composed of two
subunits where proteins are synthesized/assembled
-mRNA: RNA molecules that carry copies of instructions for specific proteins
-tRNA: transfers amino acids at the ribosome as specified by mRNA
