SolutionmManualmformBiologicalmSciencem6thmEditionmbymFreemanmQuillinmAllis
onmBlackmTaylormPodgorskimCarmichaemISBNm9780321976499m0321976495
CHAPTER
LearningmObjectives:mStudentsmshouldmbemablemto...
• Describemthemstructuremofmanmatommandmthemrolemofmelectronsminmformingmbondsmand
minterac-mtionsmbetweenmatomsmthatmformmmolecules.
• Explainmhowmthemstructuremofmwatermmoleculesmrelatesmtomwater’smunusualmproperti
esmandmtomitsmimportancemtomlife.
• Definemamchemicalmreactionmandmthemrolemofmenergymandmentropyminmdeterminingmifma
mreactionmwillmbemspontaneousmormnot.
• Describemthemchemicalmevolutionmtheorymandmevaluatemthemtwommodelsmpropo
sedmtomexplainmthemprocessmcomponent.
• Describemthemsixmmajormfunctionalmgroupsmattachedmtomcarbonmatoms,mtheirmstructuralm
formu-mlas,mandmtheirmbasicmcharacteristics.
LecturemOutline
• ScientificmexplanationmofmhowmlifemonmEarthmbegan:
1. Patternmcomponent—Bothmsmallmmoleculesmandmcomplexmcarbon-
containingmmoleculesmaremrequiredmformlife.
2. Processmcomponent—
Simplemchemicalmcompoundsmcombinedmtommakemmoremcomplexmchemicalsmandm
compoundsmthatmeventuallymledmtomthemfirstmlife-formm(evolution).
3. Thismentitymbecamemthemfirstmlife-formmfrommwhichmallmlifemhasmdescended.
• Switchmfrommchemicalmevolutionmtombiologicalmevolution,mwhichmismgovernedmbym
naturalmselection.
,I. Atoms,mIons,mandmMolecules:mThemBuildingmBlocksmofmChemicalmEvolution
, A. Fourmatomsmmakemupm96mpercentmofmeverymorganism:
1. Carbon,mhydrogen,moxygen,mandmnitrogen
2. Physicalmstructuremofmthesematomsm(C,mH,mO,mandmN)maffectsmthemfunctio
nmofmthemmoleculesmthatmtheymform.
3. Smallmmoleculesmformedm(water,mcarbonmdioxide,metc.)marembuildingmbloc
ksmformmoremcomplexmstructuresmrequiredmformchemicalmevolutionmand,mult
imately,mlife.
B. Basicmatomicmstructure
1. Structuremofmanmatomm(Fig.m2.1a)
a. Nucleus
Copyrightm©m2017mPearsonmEducation,mInc. 9
FullmdownloadmallmchaptersminstantlympleasemgomtomSolutionsmManual,mTestmBankmsite:mtestbanklive.com
, (1) Protons:mlarge,minmnucleus,mpositivemcharge
(i) Themnumbermofmprotonsmgivesmanmatommitsmchemicalmidentity.
(ii) Numbermofmprotonsmdoesmnotmvarym=matomicmnumber.m(Fig.m2.2)
(2) Neutrons:mlarge,minmnucleus,mnomcharge
(i) Themnumbermofmneutronsmdoesmnotmaffectmthematom’smchemicalmidenti
tymbutmaffectsmitsmmass.
(ii) Numberm ofmneutronsmcanmvaryminmanmelement,mandmthesemaremcalledm
isotopes.m(Example:m14Cmhasm6mprotonsmandm8mneutronsmandmismconsid
eredm anmunstablemisotopemthatmdecaysmintom14Nmwhenmonemneutronmde
caysmtomamprotonmmakingm7mprotonsmandm7mneutrons.)
(iii) Numbermofmprotonsm+mnumbermofmneutronsm=matomicmmassm(ba
sedmonmaveragemofmallmnaturallymoccurringmisotopesmofmanmato
m).
b. Orbitals
(1) Electrons:mtravelminmorbital,mhavemnegligiblemmassmandmamnegativemcharge
(2) Mostmofmanmatom’smvolumemismemptymspacemfoundminmthemorbitals.
(3) Atomsmthatmhavemthemsamemnumbermofmelectronsmasmprotonsmh
avemnomchargem(electricallymneutral).
2. Measuringmmassmofmelectrons,mprotons,mandmneutrons
a. Dalton—
massmofmonemprotonmormonemneutronmequalsmapproximatelymonemDa
lton;melectronsmaremsomsmallmtheymaremconsideredmtomhavemnommas
s.
b. Carbonmhasm6mprotonsmandm6mneutronsmandmanmatomicmmassmofm≈12mdaltonsm(12C).
c. Ifmcarbonmhadm6mprotonsmandm7mneutrons,mitmwouldmhavemanmatomicmma
ssmofm13m(13C);m12Cmandm13Cmaremisotopes.
3. Movementmofmelectronsmaroundmthemnucleusmofmanmatom
a. Electronsmmovemaroundmthemnucleusminmorbitals.
b. Eachmorbitalmhasmtwomelectrons.
c. Orbitalsmaremorganizedmintomshellsmnumberedm1,m2,m3,metc.
d. Orbitalsmaremmoremdistantmfrommthemnucleusmasmthemshellmnumbermincreases.
e. Eachmshellmhasmamspecificmnumbermofmorbitalsm(amshellmwithmonemorbitalm
canmthusmholdmtwomelectrons,mwhilemamshellmwithmfourmorbitalsmcanmhold
meightmelectrons).
f. Electronsmfillmthemshellsmclosestmtomthemnucleusmfirstmbeforemfillingmanymoutermshells.
4. Themoutermostmshellmismcalledmthemvalencemshellmandmcontainsmvalencemelectrons.
a. ElectronsminmthemoutermostmshellmofmthemhighlightedmatomsminmFigurem2.
3mhavemunpairedmelectronsm(atmleastmone)minmtheirmvalencemshell.
b. Numbermofmunpairedmelectronsm=matom’smvalence.m(Example:mCarbonmhasmfourmv
alencemelectrons.)
c. Anmatommismmostmstablemwhenmitsmvalencemshellmismfilledmwithmelectrons.
d. Fillingmoutermshellsmcanmbemaccomplishedmbymformationmofmchemicalmbondsmth
atmbindmatomsmtogether.
e. Sharingmelectronsmbetweenmatomsmresultsminmthemformationmofmamcovalentmbond.
onmBlackmTaylormPodgorskimCarmichaemISBNm9780321976499m0321976495
CHAPTER
LearningmObjectives:mStudentsmshouldmbemablemto...
• Describemthemstructuremofmanmatommandmthemrolemofmelectronsminmformingmbondsmand
minterac-mtionsmbetweenmatomsmthatmformmmolecules.
• Explainmhowmthemstructuremofmwatermmoleculesmrelatesmtomwater’smunusualmproperti
esmandmtomitsmimportancemtomlife.
• Definemamchemicalmreactionmandmthemrolemofmenergymandmentropyminmdeterminingmifma
mreactionmwillmbemspontaneousmormnot.
• Describemthemchemicalmevolutionmtheorymandmevaluatemthemtwommodelsmpropo
sedmtomexplainmthemprocessmcomponent.
• Describemthemsixmmajormfunctionalmgroupsmattachedmtomcarbonmatoms,mtheirmstructuralm
formu-mlas,mandmtheirmbasicmcharacteristics.
LecturemOutline
• ScientificmexplanationmofmhowmlifemonmEarthmbegan:
1. Patternmcomponent—Bothmsmallmmoleculesmandmcomplexmcarbon-
containingmmoleculesmaremrequiredmformlife.
2. Processmcomponent—
Simplemchemicalmcompoundsmcombinedmtommakemmoremcomplexmchemicalsmandm
compoundsmthatmeventuallymledmtomthemfirstmlife-formm(evolution).
3. Thismentitymbecamemthemfirstmlife-formmfrommwhichmallmlifemhasmdescended.
• Switchmfrommchemicalmevolutionmtombiologicalmevolution,mwhichmismgovernedmbym
naturalmselection.
,I. Atoms,mIons,mandmMolecules:mThemBuildingmBlocksmofmChemicalmEvolution
, A. Fourmatomsmmakemupm96mpercentmofmeverymorganism:
1. Carbon,mhydrogen,moxygen,mandmnitrogen
2. Physicalmstructuremofmthesematomsm(C,mH,mO,mandmN)maffectsmthemfunctio
nmofmthemmoleculesmthatmtheymform.
3. Smallmmoleculesmformedm(water,mcarbonmdioxide,metc.)marembuildingmbloc
ksmformmoremcomplexmstructuresmrequiredmformchemicalmevolutionmand,mult
imately,mlife.
B. Basicmatomicmstructure
1. Structuremofmanmatomm(Fig.m2.1a)
a. Nucleus
Copyrightm©m2017mPearsonmEducation,mInc. 9
FullmdownloadmallmchaptersminstantlympleasemgomtomSolutionsmManual,mTestmBankmsite:mtestbanklive.com
, (1) Protons:mlarge,minmnucleus,mpositivemcharge
(i) Themnumbermofmprotonsmgivesmanmatommitsmchemicalmidentity.
(ii) Numbermofmprotonsmdoesmnotmvarym=matomicmnumber.m(Fig.m2.2)
(2) Neutrons:mlarge,minmnucleus,mnomcharge
(i) Themnumbermofmneutronsmdoesmnotmaffectmthematom’smchemicalmidenti
tymbutmaffectsmitsmmass.
(ii) Numberm ofmneutronsmcanmvaryminmanmelement,mandmthesemaremcalledm
isotopes.m(Example:m14Cmhasm6mprotonsmandm8mneutronsmandmismconsid
eredm anmunstablemisotopemthatmdecaysmintom14Nmwhenmonemneutronmde
caysmtomamprotonmmakingm7mprotonsmandm7mneutrons.)
(iii) Numbermofmprotonsm+mnumbermofmneutronsm=matomicmmassm(ba
sedmonmaveragemofmallmnaturallymoccurringmisotopesmofmanmato
m).
b. Orbitals
(1) Electrons:mtravelminmorbital,mhavemnegligiblemmassmandmamnegativemcharge
(2) Mostmofmanmatom’smvolumemismemptymspacemfoundminmthemorbitals.
(3) Atomsmthatmhavemthemsamemnumbermofmelectronsmasmprotonsmh
avemnomchargem(electricallymneutral).
2. Measuringmmassmofmelectrons,mprotons,mandmneutrons
a. Dalton—
massmofmonemprotonmormonemneutronmequalsmapproximatelymonemDa
lton;melectronsmaremsomsmallmtheymaremconsideredmtomhavemnommas
s.
b. Carbonmhasm6mprotonsmandm6mneutronsmandmanmatomicmmassmofm≈12mdaltonsm(12C).
c. Ifmcarbonmhadm6mprotonsmandm7mneutrons,mitmwouldmhavemanmatomicmma
ssmofm13m(13C);m12Cmandm13Cmaremisotopes.
3. Movementmofmelectronsmaroundmthemnucleusmofmanmatom
a. Electronsmmovemaroundmthemnucleusminmorbitals.
b. Eachmorbitalmhasmtwomelectrons.
c. Orbitalsmaremorganizedmintomshellsmnumberedm1,m2,m3,metc.
d. Orbitalsmaremmoremdistantmfrommthemnucleusmasmthemshellmnumbermincreases.
e. Eachmshellmhasmamspecificmnumbermofmorbitalsm(amshellmwithmonemorbitalm
canmthusmholdmtwomelectrons,mwhilemamshellmwithmfourmorbitalsmcanmhold
meightmelectrons).
f. Electronsmfillmthemshellsmclosestmtomthemnucleusmfirstmbeforemfillingmanymoutermshells.
4. Themoutermostmshellmismcalledmthemvalencemshellmandmcontainsmvalencemelectrons.
a. ElectronsminmthemoutermostmshellmofmthemhighlightedmatomsminmFigurem2.
3mhavemunpairedmelectronsm(atmleastmone)minmtheirmvalencemshell.
b. Numbermofmunpairedmelectronsm=matom’smvalence.m(Example:mCarbonmhasmfourmv
alencemelectrons.)
c. Anmatommismmostmstablemwhenmitsmvalencemshellmismfilledmwithmelectrons.
d. Fillingmoutermshellsmcanmbemaccomplishedmbymformationmofmchemicalmbondsmth
atmbindmatomsmtogether.
e. Sharingmelectronsmbetweenmatomsmresultsminmthemformationmofmamcovalentmbond.
