EDF 6222 Exam #2 Questions with Correct Answers
Extinction:
Withholding reinforcement to reduce a behavior (e.g., ignoring attention-
seeking behavior)
Positive Reinforcement:
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., giving praise for
completing a task
Negative Reinforcement:
• Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., taking painkillers
to relieve a headache).
Positive Punishment:
Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., adding extra work for
misbehavior).
• Negative Punishment:
Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., taking away recess
for talking in class).
Coercion (Sidman)
• involves using threats, punishment, or aversive control to change behavior.
• Overuse of punishment leads to escape, avoidance, counter-aggression,
and learned helplessness.
• Institutions often misuse reinforcement, turning it into coercion (e.g.,
depriving people of reinforcers to manipulate behavior).
Fixed Ratio (FR):
,• Reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., paid per 10 items
made).
Variable Ratio (VR):
Reinforcement after an average number of responses (e.g., slot machines).
Fixed Interval (FI):
Reinforcement after a set time (e.g., paycheck every two weeks).
Variable Interval (VI):
Reinforcement at unpredictable time intervals (e.g., checking email for an
important message).
Compound Schedules:
• Multiple:
• Chained:
Concurrent:
Multiple:
Alternating schedules with different stimuli
Chained:
Completion of one schedule leads to another.
Concurrent:
Two or more schedules available at the same time.
• Intrinsic Motivation:
Behavior driven by internal satisfaction (e.g., reading for enjoyment).
• Extrinsic Motivation:
Behavior driven by external rewards (e.g., studying for a grade).
, • Operant conditioning
suggests behaviors are maintained by reinforcement history rather than an
internal drive.
Values
are shaped by reinforcement histories and cultural influences.
Value Judgments
• Behavior analysts avoid making subjective judgments and focus on
measurable behavior.
The Belushi Effect (Conditioned Drug Responses)
• Environmental cues (CS) can elicit physiological responses that
compensate for drug effects.
• Removing the conditioned stimulus can increase overdose risk (e.g., using
drugs in a new environment without the expected preparatory response).
High-P Sequence (Meyer et al., 2012)
• Involves presenting several easy, high-probability (high-p) requests before
a low-probability (low-p) request to increase compliance.
• Used effectively in behavioral interventions to build momentum for task
completion.Behavioral Momentum: Completing easy tasks increases the
likelihood of complying with the harder one.
Positive Reinforcement: Success in high-P requests builds confidence and
engagement.
Reduction of Noncompliance: Helps decrease resistance to difficult tasks
over tim
Selective Attention (Schneider)
• Attention is influenced by reinforcement history and context.
Extinction:
Withholding reinforcement to reduce a behavior (e.g., ignoring attention-
seeking behavior)
Positive Reinforcement:
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., giving praise for
completing a task
Negative Reinforcement:
• Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., taking painkillers
to relieve a headache).
Positive Punishment:
Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., adding extra work for
misbehavior).
• Negative Punishment:
Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., taking away recess
for talking in class).
Coercion (Sidman)
• involves using threats, punishment, or aversive control to change behavior.
• Overuse of punishment leads to escape, avoidance, counter-aggression,
and learned helplessness.
• Institutions often misuse reinforcement, turning it into coercion (e.g.,
depriving people of reinforcers to manipulate behavior).
Fixed Ratio (FR):
,• Reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., paid per 10 items
made).
Variable Ratio (VR):
Reinforcement after an average number of responses (e.g., slot machines).
Fixed Interval (FI):
Reinforcement after a set time (e.g., paycheck every two weeks).
Variable Interval (VI):
Reinforcement at unpredictable time intervals (e.g., checking email for an
important message).
Compound Schedules:
• Multiple:
• Chained:
Concurrent:
Multiple:
Alternating schedules with different stimuli
Chained:
Completion of one schedule leads to another.
Concurrent:
Two or more schedules available at the same time.
• Intrinsic Motivation:
Behavior driven by internal satisfaction (e.g., reading for enjoyment).
• Extrinsic Motivation:
Behavior driven by external rewards (e.g., studying for a grade).
, • Operant conditioning
suggests behaviors are maintained by reinforcement history rather than an
internal drive.
Values
are shaped by reinforcement histories and cultural influences.
Value Judgments
• Behavior analysts avoid making subjective judgments and focus on
measurable behavior.
The Belushi Effect (Conditioned Drug Responses)
• Environmental cues (CS) can elicit physiological responses that
compensate for drug effects.
• Removing the conditioned stimulus can increase overdose risk (e.g., using
drugs in a new environment without the expected preparatory response).
High-P Sequence (Meyer et al., 2012)
• Involves presenting several easy, high-probability (high-p) requests before
a low-probability (low-p) request to increase compliance.
• Used effectively in behavioral interventions to build momentum for task
completion.Behavioral Momentum: Completing easy tasks increases the
likelihood of complying with the harder one.
Positive Reinforcement: Success in high-P requests builds confidence and
engagement.
Reduction of Noncompliance: Helps decrease resistance to difficult tasks
over tim
Selective Attention (Schneider)
• Attention is influenced by reinforcement history and context.
