TEST BANK McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease
in Adults and Children (9TH) by Julia Rogers questions and answers 75 +
A 72-year-old patient with chronic hypertension presents with worsening
shortness of breath, crackles in the lungs, and peripheral edema. Which
mechanism best explains the development of pulmonary congestion?
A. Increased left ventricular contractility
B. Left-sided heart failure leading to increased pulmonary venous pressure
C. Decreased systemic vascular resistance
D. Increased renal excretion of sodium
Answer: B
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing fluid leakage into the
lungs.
A patient with severe allergic reaction develops airway swelling and hypotension
after exposure to peanuts. What is the primary mediator responsible?
A. Insulin
B. Histamine released from mast cells
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,C. Hemoglobin
D. Cortisol
Answer: B
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation releases histamine, causing
vasodilation and airway edema.
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops hyperphosphatemia and
hypocalcemia. What is the underlying mechanism?
A. Increased vitamin D activation
B. Impaired phosphate excretion and decreased calcium absorption
C. Increased insulin secretion
D. Excess parathyroid hormone suppression
Answer: B
Rationale: Diseased kidneys cannot excrete phosphate or activate vitamin D,
lowering calcium levels.
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,A patient with diabetes insipidus produces large amounts of dilute urine. What is
the primary defect?
A. Excess insulin secretion
B. Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or renal insensitivity
C. Excess aldosterone
D. Increased glucose filtration
Answer: B
Rationale: Lack of ADH prevents water reabsorption in the kidneys.
A patient with myocardial infarction develops chest pain due to ischemia. What
cellular process occurs first?
A. Cellular hypertrophy
B. Loss of ATP production and anaerobic metabolism
C. Increased oxygen diffusion
D. Increased glucose storage
Answer: B
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, Rationale: Ischemia leads to oxygen deprivation and ATP depletion.
A child with measles develops a widespread rash several days after infection.
What immune mechanism is responsible?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II antibody-mediated reaction
C. Type III immune complex deposition
D. Type IV T-cell mediated delayed response
Answer: D
Rationale: Measles rash is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells.
A patient with COPD has chronic CO₂ retention. What compensatory renal
response occurs?
A. Increased bicarbonate retention
B. Increased hydrogen ion excretion
C. Decreased oxygen consumption
D. Increased insulin production
4|Page
in Adults and Children (9TH) by Julia Rogers questions and answers 75 +
A 72-year-old patient with chronic hypertension presents with worsening
shortness of breath, crackles in the lungs, and peripheral edema. Which
mechanism best explains the development of pulmonary congestion?
A. Increased left ventricular contractility
B. Left-sided heart failure leading to increased pulmonary venous pressure
C. Decreased systemic vascular resistance
D. Increased renal excretion of sodium
Answer: B
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing fluid leakage into the
lungs.
A patient with severe allergic reaction develops airway swelling and hypotension
after exposure to peanuts. What is the primary mediator responsible?
A. Insulin
B. Histamine released from mast cells
1|Page
,C. Hemoglobin
D. Cortisol
Answer: B
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation releases histamine, causing
vasodilation and airway edema.
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops hyperphosphatemia and
hypocalcemia. What is the underlying mechanism?
A. Increased vitamin D activation
B. Impaired phosphate excretion and decreased calcium absorption
C. Increased insulin secretion
D. Excess parathyroid hormone suppression
Answer: B
Rationale: Diseased kidneys cannot excrete phosphate or activate vitamin D,
lowering calcium levels.
2|Page
,A patient with diabetes insipidus produces large amounts of dilute urine. What is
the primary defect?
A. Excess insulin secretion
B. Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or renal insensitivity
C. Excess aldosterone
D. Increased glucose filtration
Answer: B
Rationale: Lack of ADH prevents water reabsorption in the kidneys.
A patient with myocardial infarction develops chest pain due to ischemia. What
cellular process occurs first?
A. Cellular hypertrophy
B. Loss of ATP production and anaerobic metabolism
C. Increased oxygen diffusion
D. Increased glucose storage
Answer: B
3|Page
, Rationale: Ischemia leads to oxygen deprivation and ATP depletion.
A child with measles develops a widespread rash several days after infection.
What immune mechanism is responsible?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II antibody-mediated reaction
C. Type III immune complex deposition
D. Type IV T-cell mediated delayed response
Answer: D
Rationale: Measles rash is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells.
A patient with COPD has chronic CO₂ retention. What compensatory renal
response occurs?
A. Increased bicarbonate retention
B. Increased hydrogen ion excretion
C. Decreased oxygen consumption
D. Increased insulin production
4|Page
