FTCE ESOL K -12 Questions w ith 100% Verified Correct
Answ ers
1. Universal Grammar: Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated than the other.
We are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal instruction
2. LAD: Language Aquisition Device
3. Generative Grammar: set of rules that could be used to produce language
4. Deep Structure: our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
5. Surface Structure: what we say or write-literal meaning of words
6. Natural Order Hypothesis: Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order,
indepen- dent of the order grammar is taught
7. Stages of SLA: Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech emergence, intermediate
fluency, advanced fluency
8. Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input: Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above
current level yields optimal growth
9. Affective Filter: Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as anxiety, low motivation,
self confidence
10. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Vygotsky-distance between developmental level and
level of potential development. Area between independent performance and assisted performance
11. Communicative Competence: learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses, form
correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The ability to communicate ettectively and
to vary communication styles appropriately in various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
,12. Language Interference: ettect of L1 on production of L2
13. Negative Transfer: interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something new
14. Interlanguage: language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while learning the L2
but is neither L1 or L2
15. SUP: Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
16. CUP: Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas, concepts that
students learn in L1 transfer to L2
17. BICS: Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language skills
18. CALP: Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to acquire academic
skills and concepts
19. Cummins Quadrant: A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context
reduced
20. Phoneme: class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that attects meaning.
21. Monothong: one part vowel
22. Reduced Vowel: occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
23. Phonology: organization of speech sounds
24. Homophone: two words pronounced the same but ditterent meaning & spelling, ie. carrot & carat
25. Homonym: two words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean ditterent things, ie. left & left
26. Contrastive: change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
27. Non-Contrastive: change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
28. Palatization: when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ], did you eat
, 29. Digraph: single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
30. Consonant Digraph: ch, sh, th, wh
31. Consonant Blend: two or more consonants together and each sound is heard, ie. "blend"
32. Intonation: pattern of pitch movement across a sentence, the meaning of the sentence can depend in
part on the intonation, it also helps mark boundaries of a syntactic unit
33. Graphophonics: sound relationship between the orthography and phonology of a language
34. Morphology: study of word formation
35. Morphemes: smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning or grammatical (of, the, and) function.
unit consists of root, prefix, suflx
36. Affix: added pieces to a word (prefix, suflx) - change meaning or syntactic function to what attaches to
37. Bound Morpheme: has to be attached to something else for it to mean something
38. Free Morpheme: can stand alone and mean something
39. Subject: position immediately before verb
40. Object: position immediately after verb (direct object)
41. Prepositions: used to express thing involvedin action, possesor, spatial relations, ie. with, in, or into,
for, before, without, over, under
42. Adverbs: express manner, attutude, jusdgment of speaker, frequency, time, place, cause, or degree
(answer how, when, where, how much), ie. quickLY, fast, often
43. Prepositional Phrase: preposition + noun phrase
44. Clause: a group of words containing a subject and a verb
45. Indefinite Pronouns: refer to unspecified people of things, many express some idea of quantity, ie.
all, seceral, few, none, nobody, somebody
Answ ers
1. Universal Grammar: Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated than the other.
We are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal instruction
2. LAD: Language Aquisition Device
3. Generative Grammar: set of rules that could be used to produce language
4. Deep Structure: our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
5. Surface Structure: what we say or write-literal meaning of words
6. Natural Order Hypothesis: Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order,
indepen- dent of the order grammar is taught
7. Stages of SLA: Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech emergence, intermediate
fluency, advanced fluency
8. Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input: Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above
current level yields optimal growth
9. Affective Filter: Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as anxiety, low motivation,
self confidence
10. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Vygotsky-distance between developmental level and
level of potential development. Area between independent performance and assisted performance
11. Communicative Competence: learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses, form
correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The ability to communicate ettectively and
to vary communication styles appropriately in various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
,12. Language Interference: ettect of L1 on production of L2
13. Negative Transfer: interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something new
14. Interlanguage: language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while learning the L2
but is neither L1 or L2
15. SUP: Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
16. CUP: Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas, concepts that
students learn in L1 transfer to L2
17. BICS: Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language skills
18. CALP: Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to acquire academic
skills and concepts
19. Cummins Quadrant: A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context
reduced
20. Phoneme: class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that attects meaning.
21. Monothong: one part vowel
22. Reduced Vowel: occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
23. Phonology: organization of speech sounds
24. Homophone: two words pronounced the same but ditterent meaning & spelling, ie. carrot & carat
25. Homonym: two words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean ditterent things, ie. left & left
26. Contrastive: change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
27. Non-Contrastive: change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
28. Palatization: when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ], did you eat
, 29. Digraph: single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
30. Consonant Digraph: ch, sh, th, wh
31. Consonant Blend: two or more consonants together and each sound is heard, ie. "blend"
32. Intonation: pattern of pitch movement across a sentence, the meaning of the sentence can depend in
part on the intonation, it also helps mark boundaries of a syntactic unit
33. Graphophonics: sound relationship between the orthography and phonology of a language
34. Morphology: study of word formation
35. Morphemes: smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning or grammatical (of, the, and) function.
unit consists of root, prefix, suflx
36. Affix: added pieces to a word (prefix, suflx) - change meaning or syntactic function to what attaches to
37. Bound Morpheme: has to be attached to something else for it to mean something
38. Free Morpheme: can stand alone and mean something
39. Subject: position immediately before verb
40. Object: position immediately after verb (direct object)
41. Prepositions: used to express thing involvedin action, possesor, spatial relations, ie. with, in, or into,
for, before, without, over, under
42. Adverbs: express manner, attutude, jusdgment of speaker, frequency, time, place, cause, or degree
(answer how, when, where, how much), ie. quickLY, fast, often
43. Prepositional Phrase: preposition + noun phrase
44. Clause: a group of words containing a subject and a verb
45. Indefinite Pronouns: refer to unspecified people of things, many express some idea of quantity, ie.
all, seceral, few, none, nobody, somebody
