CTRI LATEST 2026 REVISION TEST QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Incontinence - ✔✔Inability to control urination and/or defecation.
✔✔Inferior - ✔✔Below or lower than, in reference to anatomy. For example, the ankle is
inferior to the knee.
✔✔Infernal rotation - ✔✔To rotate inward toward the body's midline. In the context of
EAAT, internal rotation is most often discussed in relation to the hips. Internal rotation of
the hip results in the thigh turning inward, toward the other leg, so that the knee points
toward the other leg. Internal rotation of the hip results in increased susceptibility to hip
subluxation or dislocation.
✔✔Kinesthesia - ✔✔Conscious perception of extent, direction, position and weight of
movement of the body in space. Kinesthesia relies on the proprioceptive and vestibular
senses.
✔✔Knee ankle foot orthotic (KAFO) - ✔✔Tall leg braces that help to position and/or
support the leg for walking, up to mid-thigh. KAFOs often need to be removed before
riding.
✔✔Kyphosis - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively rounded
upper back. Kyphosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Lateral - ✔✔side or to the side
✔✔Lateral flexion - ✔✔Movement of the head and/or trunk sideways, away from the
midline of the body. Lateral flexion is observed in the rider's trunk as they sit on a
walking equine.
✔✔Lordosis - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively arched lower
back. Lordosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Medial - ✔✔Toward the center of the body.
✔✔micro trauma - ✔✔Slight injury or lesion.
✔✔Midline - ✔✔Imaginary straight line through the center of the body from head to toe.
✔✔Muscle tone - ✔✔The resting tension of a muscle that allows a muscle to be in a
state of readiness to contract without excess slack or shortening.
✔✔Occlude - ✔✔To close up or block off.
, ✔✔Occular control - ✔✔The basis of all aspects of vision,
consisting of three components:
Fixation: Holding the eyes still in order to look at something.
Visual Tracking: Ability to follow movement with the eyes after first fixating the eyes on
something.
Focus: The ability to rapidly change from looking at a near to far object, or from far to
near.
✔✔orthosis - ✔✔A brace or support used to position, align or support a part of the body.
The plural of orthosis is "orthoses."
✔✔Paralysis - ✔✔Loss of movement and/or sensation. May be the result of a brain or
spinal cord injury or a progressive disorder such as muscular dystrophy.
✔✔Paraplegia - ✔✔Paralysis or paresis involving the legs.
✔✔Paresis - ✔✔Partial or incomplete paralysis, involving
muscle weakness.
✔✔peripheral nervous system - ✔✔The nerves of the body other than those in the brain
and spinal cord
✔✔perseveration - ✔✔Persistence of one reply, idea or motor response; excessive
repetition of an activity or behavior.
✔✔Plantar flexion - ✔✔Bending the ankle so that the toes point down.
✔✔posterior - ✔✔The back of body or toward the back of the body. In humans,
posterior is synonymous with dorsal, meaning toward the spine.
✔✔posture - ✔✔Body position.
✔✔Praxis - ✔✔Skill and performance of purposeful
movement that involves motor planning.
✔✔Pronation - ✔✔Turning the palm of the hand down or tipping the sole of the foot so
that weight is shifted to the arch of the foot.
✔✔Prone - ✔✔Position of the body lying face down.
✔✔Proprioception - ✔✔Sense of body awareness in space.
✔✔Proximal - ✔✔Nearer to the trunk (e.g., shoulder is proximal to elbow).
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Incontinence - ✔✔Inability to control urination and/or defecation.
✔✔Inferior - ✔✔Below or lower than, in reference to anatomy. For example, the ankle is
inferior to the knee.
✔✔Infernal rotation - ✔✔To rotate inward toward the body's midline. In the context of
EAAT, internal rotation is most often discussed in relation to the hips. Internal rotation of
the hip results in the thigh turning inward, toward the other leg, so that the knee points
toward the other leg. Internal rotation of the hip results in increased susceptibility to hip
subluxation or dislocation.
✔✔Kinesthesia - ✔✔Conscious perception of extent, direction, position and weight of
movement of the body in space. Kinesthesia relies on the proprioceptive and vestibular
senses.
✔✔Knee ankle foot orthotic (KAFO) - ✔✔Tall leg braces that help to position and/or
support the leg for walking, up to mid-thigh. KAFOs often need to be removed before
riding.
✔✔Kyphosis - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively rounded
upper back. Kyphosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Lateral - ✔✔side or to the side
✔✔Lateral flexion - ✔✔Movement of the head and/or trunk sideways, away from the
midline of the body. Lateral flexion is observed in the rider's trunk as they sit on a
walking equine.
✔✔Lordosis - ✔✔An abnormal spinal curvature resulting in an excessively arched lower
back. Lordosis is a precaution or contraindication to riding.
✔✔Medial - ✔✔Toward the center of the body.
✔✔micro trauma - ✔✔Slight injury or lesion.
✔✔Midline - ✔✔Imaginary straight line through the center of the body from head to toe.
✔✔Muscle tone - ✔✔The resting tension of a muscle that allows a muscle to be in a
state of readiness to contract without excess slack or shortening.
✔✔Occlude - ✔✔To close up or block off.
, ✔✔Occular control - ✔✔The basis of all aspects of vision,
consisting of three components:
Fixation: Holding the eyes still in order to look at something.
Visual Tracking: Ability to follow movement with the eyes after first fixating the eyes on
something.
Focus: The ability to rapidly change from looking at a near to far object, or from far to
near.
✔✔orthosis - ✔✔A brace or support used to position, align or support a part of the body.
The plural of orthosis is "orthoses."
✔✔Paralysis - ✔✔Loss of movement and/or sensation. May be the result of a brain or
spinal cord injury or a progressive disorder such as muscular dystrophy.
✔✔Paraplegia - ✔✔Paralysis or paresis involving the legs.
✔✔Paresis - ✔✔Partial or incomplete paralysis, involving
muscle weakness.
✔✔peripheral nervous system - ✔✔The nerves of the body other than those in the brain
and spinal cord
✔✔perseveration - ✔✔Persistence of one reply, idea or motor response; excessive
repetition of an activity or behavior.
✔✔Plantar flexion - ✔✔Bending the ankle so that the toes point down.
✔✔posterior - ✔✔The back of body or toward the back of the body. In humans,
posterior is synonymous with dorsal, meaning toward the spine.
✔✔posture - ✔✔Body position.
✔✔Praxis - ✔✔Skill and performance of purposeful
movement that involves motor planning.
✔✔Pronation - ✔✔Turning the palm of the hand down or tipping the sole of the foot so
that weight is shifted to the arch of the foot.
✔✔Prone - ✔✔Position of the body lying face down.
✔✔Proprioception - ✔✔Sense of body awareness in space.
✔✔Proximal - ✔✔Nearer to the trunk (e.g., shoulder is proximal to elbow).
