NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam| Reviewed 2026/2027|
A High Yield of 168 Questions & Answers
|Guaranteed Pass| |Already Graded A+
1. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials -
answer -promotes hypersecretion of mucus
2. What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - answer -squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and
wbcs
3. What does the migration of wbcs to the bronchials do? - answer -
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
4. How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes
effect the lungs? - answer -leads to further narrowing of the bronchial
passageways
5. What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - answer -
respiratory acidosis
6. How does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - answer -
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes co2 retention
7. Where does air enter the body? - answer -Naso and oropharynx (mouth
and nose)
8. Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? - answer -it
passes through the trachea
9. After air passes through the trachea where does it go? - answer -goes into
the left or right bronchi
, 10.Where does air flow after the bronchi? - answer -into the smaller
bronchioles
11.Where does air flow after the bronchioles? - answer -into the alveoli
12.Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated - answer --
deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to r atrium
- Tricuspid valve opens to flow to r ventricle
-pulmonary semilunar valve opens and blood flows to the alveolar
capillaries for gas exchange from the pulmonary trunk and l & r pulmonary
arteries
- Blood goes from alveolar capillaries to pulmonary veins to return oxygenated
blood to the left atrium
- Bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to go to left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve opens and blood goes to the aorta
- Aorta pushes oxygenated blood out to the body
13.What is the formula for cardiac output - answer -co = hr x sv
14.Cardiac reserve - answer -difference between resting and maximal co;
should be about 4-5x as high but does decrease 1% per year after age 30
15.What type of relationship does heart rate and stroke volume have? -
answer -inverse
Low hr = longer fill time = increase stroke volume
High hr = lower fill time = lower stroke volume
16.What is preload? - answer -the degree of stretch on the heart before it
contracts/ amount of blood entering the ventricles during diastole
17.Average amount of preload? - answer -120-130 mls
18.When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction? -
answer -contraction is stronger
19.What happens when cardiac fibers overstretch during diastole? - answer -
decreased contraction due to fibers being unable to snap back
, 20.What can cause increased preload - answer -chf and hypervolemia
21.What can cause decreased preload - answer -cardiac tamponade and
hypovolemia
22.What are two common causes of hypovolemia - answer -dehydration and
hemorrhage
23.Afterload - answer -the amount of resistance to open the semilunar valves
and eject of blood from the ventricle
24.What influences afterload (3) - answer -ventricle wall thickness (muscle
strength)
Arterial pressure (resistance to ejection)
Ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity)
25.What can cause an increase in afterload - answer -systemic hypertension
Valve disease
Copd (pulmonary hypertension)
26.What can decrease afterload - answer -hypotension or vasodilation
27.What influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) - answer -levels of
electrolytes
High levels of atp
Level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
28.What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? - answer -
sodium potassium and calcium
29.What increases cardiac muscle contraction - answer -sympathetic
stimulation; fear anxiety and increased thyroxine
30.What decreases cardiac muscle contraction - answer -low atp levels;
ischemia hypoxia or acidosis
Midterm Exam| Reviewed 2026/2027|
A High Yield of 168 Questions & Answers
|Guaranteed Pass| |Already Graded A+
1. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials -
answer -promotes hypersecretion of mucus
2. What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - answer -squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and
wbcs
3. What does the migration of wbcs to the bronchials do? - answer -
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
4. How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes
effect the lungs? - answer -leads to further narrowing of the bronchial
passageways
5. What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - answer -
respiratory acidosis
6. How does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - answer -
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes co2 retention
7. Where does air enter the body? - answer -Naso and oropharynx (mouth
and nose)
8. Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? - answer -it
passes through the trachea
9. After air passes through the trachea where does it go? - answer -goes into
the left or right bronchi
, 10.Where does air flow after the bronchi? - answer -into the smaller
bronchioles
11.Where does air flow after the bronchioles? - answer -into the alveoli
12.Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated - answer --
deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to r atrium
- Tricuspid valve opens to flow to r ventricle
-pulmonary semilunar valve opens and blood flows to the alveolar
capillaries for gas exchange from the pulmonary trunk and l & r pulmonary
arteries
- Blood goes from alveolar capillaries to pulmonary veins to return oxygenated
blood to the left atrium
- Bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to go to left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve opens and blood goes to the aorta
- Aorta pushes oxygenated blood out to the body
13.What is the formula for cardiac output - answer -co = hr x sv
14.Cardiac reserve - answer -difference between resting and maximal co;
should be about 4-5x as high but does decrease 1% per year after age 30
15.What type of relationship does heart rate and stroke volume have? -
answer -inverse
Low hr = longer fill time = increase stroke volume
High hr = lower fill time = lower stroke volume
16.What is preload? - answer -the degree of stretch on the heart before it
contracts/ amount of blood entering the ventricles during diastole
17.Average amount of preload? - answer -120-130 mls
18.When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction? -
answer -contraction is stronger
19.What happens when cardiac fibers overstretch during diastole? - answer -
decreased contraction due to fibers being unable to snap back
, 20.What can cause increased preload - answer -chf and hypervolemia
21.What can cause decreased preload - answer -cardiac tamponade and
hypovolemia
22.What are two common causes of hypovolemia - answer -dehydration and
hemorrhage
23.Afterload - answer -the amount of resistance to open the semilunar valves
and eject of blood from the ventricle
24.What influences afterload (3) - answer -ventricle wall thickness (muscle
strength)
Arterial pressure (resistance to ejection)
Ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity)
25.What can cause an increase in afterload - answer -systemic hypertension
Valve disease
Copd (pulmonary hypertension)
26.What can decrease afterload - answer -hypotension or vasodilation
27.What influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) - answer -levels of
electrolytes
High levels of atp
Level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
28.What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? - answer -
sodium potassium and calcium
29.What increases cardiac muscle contraction - answer -sympathetic
stimulation; fear anxiety and increased thyroxine
30.What decreases cardiac muscle contraction - answer -low atp levels;
ischemia hypoxia or acidosis
