Biology Study Guide Macromolecules, Cell
Structure & Genetics Analysis (Proteins,
DNA, Cell Function & Inheritance Review
2026)
BIO.1B
Students will analyze the structure and function of the macromolecules that make up
cells.
BIO.3B
Students will analyze and interpret data collected from probability calculations to explain
the variation of expressed traits within a population.
BIO.3A
Students will develop and use models to explain the role of meiosis in the production of
haploid gametes required for sexual reproduction.
BIO.1D
Students will describe the structure of the cell membrane and analyze how the structure
is related to its primary function of regulating transport in and out of cells to maintain
homeostasis.
BIO.1C
Students will relate the diversity of organelles to a variety of specialized cellular
functions.
BIO.1A
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics of life and biological
organization.
Biology Concepts: Life, Cells, and Chemical Foundations (Bio test 1)
Biology
The scientific study of life and living organisms.
Theory
General explanation supported by extensive evidence.
Experimental hypothesis
Testable statement explaining an observation.
Null hypothesis
Specifies expected observations if hypothesis is false.
Prediction
Observable result based on a specific hypothesis.
Experiment
Tool to test effects of a single factor.
Independent variable
Factor modified by the researcher in experiments.
Dependent variable
Factor measured by the researcher in experiments.
Control group
, Group not receiving treatment, identical to experimental group.
Negative control
Group expected to show no response.
Positive control
Group expected to show a response.
Characteristics of life
Includes information, cells, replication, energy, evolution.
Cell theory
All organisms are composed of cells.
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Inheritance involves replication, information, and energy.
Theory of evolution
Explains the diversity of life through evolution.
Robert Hooke
First to observe cells using a crude microscope.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Enhanced microscope to 300X, discovered 'animalcules'.
Animalcules
Term for single-celled organisms observed by Leeuwenhoek.
Cell Theory
Cells arise from preexisting cells.
Spontaneous Generation
Life arises under specific conditions.
Central Dogma
Information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Adaptation
Process improving survival and reproduction.
Natural Selection
Environment selects for more fit organisms.
Evolution
Change in population characteristics over time.
Tree of Life
Depicts evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Prokaryotes
Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotes
Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell.
Isotopes
Atoms with same protons, different neutrons.
Cation
Positively charged atom losing electrons.
Anion
Negatively charged atom gaining electrons.
Hydrogen Bond
Structure & Genetics Analysis (Proteins,
DNA, Cell Function & Inheritance Review
2026)
BIO.1B
Students will analyze the structure and function of the macromolecules that make up
cells.
BIO.3B
Students will analyze and interpret data collected from probability calculations to explain
the variation of expressed traits within a population.
BIO.3A
Students will develop and use models to explain the role of meiosis in the production of
haploid gametes required for sexual reproduction.
BIO.1D
Students will describe the structure of the cell membrane and analyze how the structure
is related to its primary function of regulating transport in and out of cells to maintain
homeostasis.
BIO.1C
Students will relate the diversity of organelles to a variety of specialized cellular
functions.
BIO.1A
Students will demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics of life and biological
organization.
Biology Concepts: Life, Cells, and Chemical Foundations (Bio test 1)
Biology
The scientific study of life and living organisms.
Theory
General explanation supported by extensive evidence.
Experimental hypothesis
Testable statement explaining an observation.
Null hypothesis
Specifies expected observations if hypothesis is false.
Prediction
Observable result based on a specific hypothesis.
Experiment
Tool to test effects of a single factor.
Independent variable
Factor modified by the researcher in experiments.
Dependent variable
Factor measured by the researcher in experiments.
Control group
, Group not receiving treatment, identical to experimental group.
Negative control
Group expected to show no response.
Positive control
Group expected to show a response.
Characteristics of life
Includes information, cells, replication, energy, evolution.
Cell theory
All organisms are composed of cells.
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Inheritance involves replication, information, and energy.
Theory of evolution
Explains the diversity of life through evolution.
Robert Hooke
First to observe cells using a crude microscope.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Enhanced microscope to 300X, discovered 'animalcules'.
Animalcules
Term for single-celled organisms observed by Leeuwenhoek.
Cell Theory
Cells arise from preexisting cells.
Spontaneous Generation
Life arises under specific conditions.
Central Dogma
Information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Adaptation
Process improving survival and reproduction.
Natural Selection
Environment selects for more fit organisms.
Evolution
Change in population characteristics over time.
Tree of Life
Depicts evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Prokaryotes
Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotes
Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell.
Isotopes
Atoms with same protons, different neutrons.
Cation
Positively charged atom losing electrons.
Anion
Negatively charged atom gaining electrons.
Hydrogen Bond
