NP 235 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Chloride normal range - ✔✔98-107 mEq/L
✔✔Hypochloremia - ✔✔caused by any of the following conditions:
congestive heart failure
prolonged diarrhea or vomiting
chronic lung disease, such as emphysema
metabolic alkalosis, when the blood pH is higher than normal
Certain types of drugs, such as laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids, and bicarbonates,
can also cause hypochloremia
✔✔Hyperchloremia - ✔✔excessive sodium chloride intake
✔✔Signs of hyperchloremia include: - ✔✔fatigue
muscle weakness
excessive thirst
dry membranes
high blood pressure
✔✔Calcium - ✔✔needed for the heart and other muscles to function properly. If children
do not get enough, they may not grow to their full height as adults.
✔✔Calcium normal range - ✔✔Normal Range: 8.4 - 10.6 mg/dL
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Results from disorders in which there is a shift of calcium into
the bone
Calcium deficit upsets the stability of nerve membranes, causing abnormalities in nerve
conduction and muscle contractions.
✔✔Trousseau Sign - ✔✔place a blood pressure cuff on the arm, inflate above systolic
pressure, and hold for 3 minutes; if a spasm of the hand occurs, the reaction is positive
✔✔Chvostek Sign - ✔✔Tapping the facial nerve about an inch in front of the earlobe
assesses Chvostek sign. A unilateral twitching of the face is a positive response.
✔✔Signs of Hypocalcemia: - ✔✔confusion or memory loss
muscle spasms
numbness and tingling in the hands, feet, and face
depression
hallucinations
muscle cramps
weak and brittle nails
easy fracturing of the bones
, ✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔A condition in which the calcium level in the blood is above
normal. Too much calcium in blood can weaken of bones, create kidney stones, and
interfere with how the heart and brain work.
usually a result of overactive parathyroid glands
✔✔Hypercalcemia s/s - ✔✔kidneys have to work harder to filter it.
This can cause excessive thirst and frequent urination.
excess calcium in the blood was leached from the bones, which weakens them.
interfere with the way the brain works, resulting in confusion, lethargy, and fatigue. It
can also cause depression.
can interfere with the heart function, causing palpitations and fainting, indications of
cardiac arrhythmia
✔✔Magnesium - ✔✔a mineral the body uses as an electrolyte, meaning it carries
electric charges around the body when dissolved in the blood.
it has a role in bone health, cardiovascular function, and neurotransmission, among
other functions.
✔✔Magnesium normal range - ✔✔Normal Range: 1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L
✔✔Hypomagnesemia - ✔✔occurs when the serum level drops below 1.3 mEq/L and
usually is present when hypokalemia and hypocalcemia occur.
✔✔Hypomagnesemia s/s - ✔✔nausea
vomiting
weakness
decreased appetite
As magnesium deficiency worsens, symptoms may include:
numbness
tingling
muscle cramps
seizures
muscle spasticity
personality changes
abnormal heart rhythms
✔✔Hypermagnesemia - ✔✔occur in the presence of renal failure or from overuse of
magnesium-containing antacids and cathartics
✔✔Phosphate normal range - ✔✔2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Chloride normal range - ✔✔98-107 mEq/L
✔✔Hypochloremia - ✔✔caused by any of the following conditions:
congestive heart failure
prolonged diarrhea or vomiting
chronic lung disease, such as emphysema
metabolic alkalosis, when the blood pH is higher than normal
Certain types of drugs, such as laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids, and bicarbonates,
can also cause hypochloremia
✔✔Hyperchloremia - ✔✔excessive sodium chloride intake
✔✔Signs of hyperchloremia include: - ✔✔fatigue
muscle weakness
excessive thirst
dry membranes
high blood pressure
✔✔Calcium - ✔✔needed for the heart and other muscles to function properly. If children
do not get enough, they may not grow to their full height as adults.
✔✔Calcium normal range - ✔✔Normal Range: 8.4 - 10.6 mg/dL
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Results from disorders in which there is a shift of calcium into
the bone
Calcium deficit upsets the stability of nerve membranes, causing abnormalities in nerve
conduction and muscle contractions.
✔✔Trousseau Sign - ✔✔place a blood pressure cuff on the arm, inflate above systolic
pressure, and hold for 3 minutes; if a spasm of the hand occurs, the reaction is positive
✔✔Chvostek Sign - ✔✔Tapping the facial nerve about an inch in front of the earlobe
assesses Chvostek sign. A unilateral twitching of the face is a positive response.
✔✔Signs of Hypocalcemia: - ✔✔confusion or memory loss
muscle spasms
numbness and tingling in the hands, feet, and face
depression
hallucinations
muscle cramps
weak and brittle nails
easy fracturing of the bones
, ✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔A condition in which the calcium level in the blood is above
normal. Too much calcium in blood can weaken of bones, create kidney stones, and
interfere with how the heart and brain work.
usually a result of overactive parathyroid glands
✔✔Hypercalcemia s/s - ✔✔kidneys have to work harder to filter it.
This can cause excessive thirst and frequent urination.
excess calcium in the blood was leached from the bones, which weakens them.
interfere with the way the brain works, resulting in confusion, lethargy, and fatigue. It
can also cause depression.
can interfere with the heart function, causing palpitations and fainting, indications of
cardiac arrhythmia
✔✔Magnesium - ✔✔a mineral the body uses as an electrolyte, meaning it carries
electric charges around the body when dissolved in the blood.
it has a role in bone health, cardiovascular function, and neurotransmission, among
other functions.
✔✔Magnesium normal range - ✔✔Normal Range: 1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L
✔✔Hypomagnesemia - ✔✔occurs when the serum level drops below 1.3 mEq/L and
usually is present when hypokalemia and hypocalcemia occur.
✔✔Hypomagnesemia s/s - ✔✔nausea
vomiting
weakness
decreased appetite
As magnesium deficiency worsens, symptoms may include:
numbness
tingling
muscle cramps
seizures
muscle spasticity
personality changes
abnormal heart rhythms
✔✔Hypermagnesemia - ✔✔occur in the presence of renal failure or from overuse of
magnesium-containing antacids and cathartics
✔✔Phosphate normal range - ✔✔2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
