100% verified Pharmacology questions and answers

️️ What term describes the study of how drugs affect the body Pharmacodynamics ️️ What term refers to how the body processes a drug Pharmacokinetics ️️ Which organ is primarily responsible for drug metabolism Liver ️️ What is the term for drug removal from the body Excretion ️️ Which route of drug administration avoids first-pass metabolism Intravenous ️️ What is the name of the process where a drug binds to a receptor Affinity ️️ What describes the maximum effect a drug can produce Efficacy ️️ What term indicates the amount of drug needed to produce an effect Potency ️️ What is a drug that blocks receptor activity called Antagonist ️️ What is a drug that activates receptors called Agonist ️️ What type of drug partially activates receptors Partial agonist ️️ What is the therapeutic range of a drug Safe and effective concentration range ️️ What is the toxic effect of excessive drug levels Toxicity 2 ️️ What term describes drug interactions that enhance effects Synergism ️️ What term describes drug interactions that reduce effects Antagonism ️️ What is bioavailability Fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation ️️ What does half-life refer to Time taken for drug concentration to reduce by half ️️ What is a loading dose Initial high dose to quickly reach therapeutic level ️️ What is a maintenance dose Dose given to maintain steady drug levels ️️ What is steady-state concentration Drug intake equals elimination ️️ What is the blood-brain barrier Protective barrier controlling drug entry into brain ️️ What type of drugs easily cross cell membranes Lipid-soluble drugs ️️ What is the first-pass effect Metabolism of drug before reaching circulation ️️ What is a prodrug Inactive drug activated in the body ️️ What is the therapeutic index Ratio of toxic dose to effective dose ️️ What is drug tolerance Reduced response after repeated use ️️ What is drug dependence Physical or psychological need for a drug ️️ What is an adverse drug reaction Unintended harmful effect 3 ️️ What is idiosyncratic reaction Unusual unpredictable response ️️ What is placebo effect Improvement due to belief, not drug ️️ What is drug contraindication Situation where drug should not be used ️️ What is drug absorption Movement of drug into bloodstream ️️ What affects drug absorption rate Blood flow and surface area ️️ What is drug distribution Transport of drug through body ️️ What protein binds many drugs in blood Albumin ️️ What happens when protein binding is high Less free drug available ️️ What is renal clearance Removal of drug by kidneys ️️ What is hepatic clearance Removal of drug by liver ️️ What enzyme system metabolizes many drugs Cytochrome P450 ️️ What is enzyme induction Increased drug metabolism ️️ What is enzyme inhibition Reduced drug metabolism ️️ What is pharmacogenetics Study of genetic influence on drug response ️️ What is the route under the tongue Sublingual 4 ️️ What is the route into muscle Intramuscular ️️ What is the route into skin Subcutaneous ️️ What is topical administration