NR 507 Final Exam (2025/2026) QUESTIONS AND (elaborated)
ANSWETRS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Dermatomes - answer☑️✔️.area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord,
and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - answer☑️✔️.Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - answer☑️✔️.structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the
posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - answer☑️✔️.Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area
in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
,Ischemic penumbra - answer☑️✔️.ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - answer☑️✔️.ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the
2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - answer☑️✔️.Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release
and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - answer☑️✔️.the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - answer☑️✔️.Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF
circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
, Meningitis - answer☑️✔️.Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - answer☑️✔️.-Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - answer☑️✔️.- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal
insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - answer☑️✔️.- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - answer☑️✔️.-Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
ANSWETRS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Dermatomes - answer☑️✔️.area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord,
and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - answer☑️✔️.Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - answer☑️✔️.structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the
posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - answer☑️✔️.Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area
in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
,Ischemic penumbra - answer☑️✔️.ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - answer☑️✔️.ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the
2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - answer☑️✔️.Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release
and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - answer☑️✔️.the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - answer☑️✔️.Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF
circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
, Meningitis - answer☑️✔️.Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - answer☑️✔️.-Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - answer☑️✔️.- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal
insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - answer☑️✔️.- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - answer☑️✔️.-Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
