NUR 2502 MDC 3 FINAL EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ *Valvular disease aortic stenosis*. Answer: -considered a disease
of wear and tear
-the CO cannot be increased to meet the body's demands
-stenosis causes symptoms then progresses to *left sided heart
failure and eventually right*
◉ *Valvular aortic stenosis*. Answer: *is the most common
dysfunction*
◉ *Risk factors for Aortic Stenosis*. Answer: -congenital bicupsid or
unicupsid aortic valves
-rheumatic disease
-arthersoclerosis
-degnerative calcification
◉ *Main prevention for Aortic Stenosis*. Answer: *arthersclerotic
disease*
,◉ *Signs and symptoms of Aortic Stenosis*. Answer: -classic:
dyspnea, angina, syncope of exertion.
-Late stage: fatigue, peripheral cyanosis, orthopnea, paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, narrow pulse pressure.
*harsh systolic crescendo-decresendo murmur*
◉ *Main sign of aortic stenosis*. Answer: *harsh, systolic crescendo-
decrescendo murmur*
◉ *Valvular disease Aortic Regurgitation*. Answer: *the aortic valves
leaflets do not close properly and leads to LEFT then right heart
sided heart failure *
◉ *Risk factors of Aortic Regurgitation*. Answer: -non rheumatic
conditions
-infective endocarditis
-congenital abnormalities
-hypertension
-marfan syndrome
◉ *S/S of Aortic regurgitation*. Answer: -major symptoms:
exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, paraxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,
fatigue.
, -In late disease: palpitations, nocturnal angina with diaphoresis.
*Blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur*
◉ *main sign of aortic regurgitation*. Answer: *blowing,
decrescendo diastolic murmur*
◉ *ALL OF THE DIFFERENT AUSCULTATION SOUNDS*. Answer: -
Mitral stenosis (diastolic murmur): *Rumbling, apical diastolic
murmur*
-Mitral regurgitation (systolic murmur): *high pitched holosystolic
murmur*
-Mitral Prolapse: *systolic click*
-Aortic stenosis (sytolic murmur): *harsh systolic crescendo-
decrescendo murmur (diamond shaped murmur)
-Aortic regurgitation (diastolic murmur): *blowing decrescendo,
diastolic murmur*
◉ *Diagnostic testing for valvular disease*. Answer: -history
-physical assessment
-echocardiogram
-TEE (transesophageal echo)
-ETT (exercise tolerance testing)
-chest x ray
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ *Valvular disease aortic stenosis*. Answer: -considered a disease
of wear and tear
-the CO cannot be increased to meet the body's demands
-stenosis causes symptoms then progresses to *left sided heart
failure and eventually right*
◉ *Valvular aortic stenosis*. Answer: *is the most common
dysfunction*
◉ *Risk factors for Aortic Stenosis*. Answer: -congenital bicupsid or
unicupsid aortic valves
-rheumatic disease
-arthersoclerosis
-degnerative calcification
◉ *Main prevention for Aortic Stenosis*. Answer: *arthersclerotic
disease*
,◉ *Signs and symptoms of Aortic Stenosis*. Answer: -classic:
dyspnea, angina, syncope of exertion.
-Late stage: fatigue, peripheral cyanosis, orthopnea, paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, narrow pulse pressure.
*harsh systolic crescendo-decresendo murmur*
◉ *Main sign of aortic stenosis*. Answer: *harsh, systolic crescendo-
decrescendo murmur*
◉ *Valvular disease Aortic Regurgitation*. Answer: *the aortic valves
leaflets do not close properly and leads to LEFT then right heart
sided heart failure *
◉ *Risk factors of Aortic Regurgitation*. Answer: -non rheumatic
conditions
-infective endocarditis
-congenital abnormalities
-hypertension
-marfan syndrome
◉ *S/S of Aortic regurgitation*. Answer: -major symptoms:
exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, paraxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,
fatigue.
, -In late disease: palpitations, nocturnal angina with diaphoresis.
*Blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur*
◉ *main sign of aortic regurgitation*. Answer: *blowing,
decrescendo diastolic murmur*
◉ *ALL OF THE DIFFERENT AUSCULTATION SOUNDS*. Answer: -
Mitral stenosis (diastolic murmur): *Rumbling, apical diastolic
murmur*
-Mitral regurgitation (systolic murmur): *high pitched holosystolic
murmur*
-Mitral Prolapse: *systolic click*
-Aortic stenosis (sytolic murmur): *harsh systolic crescendo-
decrescendo murmur (diamond shaped murmur)
-Aortic regurgitation (diastolic murmur): *blowing decrescendo,
diastolic murmur*
◉ *Diagnostic testing for valvular disease*. Answer: -history
-physical assessment
-echocardiogram
-TEE (transesophageal echo)
-ETT (exercise tolerance testing)
-chest x ray
