NUR 2502 MDC 3 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL TEST
SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Cardiovascular disease is the. Answer: leading cause of death in
the US
◉ Anatomy of the heart. Answer: fist size organ and pumps approx:
*60ml with each beat and 5L every minute* (can be increased when
demand increases)
◉ Blood flow steps of the heart. Answer: 1. Right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from superior inferior vena cava
2. right ventricle received blood via the trcupsid valve
3. right ventricle contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonic
valve into the pulmonary arter for gas exchange
4. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
5. left ventricle receives blood via the mitral valve
6. the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the body via the
aortic valve
◉ Age related changes. Answer: -cardiac valves
-conduction system
,-left ventricle
-aortic & other large arteries
-Baroreceptors
◉ How do the cardiac valves change with increased age?. Answer: -
murmurs appear
-valvular abnormalities result in rhythm changes
◉ How does the conduction system change with increased age?.
Answer: -Pacemaker cell decreases (the regulator of the heart)
-Fibrous tissue & SA node increase (the heart gets thicker)
-Decrease muscle fibers in atrial myocardium and bundle of His
-Conduction time increases (bradycardia possible)
◉ How does the left ventricle change with age?. Answer: -size
increases (cardiomyopathy)
-walls s tiffen (stroke volume and ejection fraction decrease)
-Fibrotic changes happen (filling speed is decreased and less able to
increase cardiac output activity)
◉ How does the aorta and large arteries change with age?. Answer:
walls thicken and stiffen (*main responsibility of hypertension in
older adults*)
,◉ How do the baroreceptors work?. Answer: They have a set point
that the blood pressure should be at and make changes to the heart
rate to change the blood pressure.
◉ How do the baroreceptors change in age?. Answer: they become
less sensitive bc they are responsible for knowing when to increase
or decrease the flow of blood based on the increase or decrease of
movement they are responsible for *orthostatic changes which lead
to increased dizziness and fainting*
◉ Remember that systole is _____ and distole is _______. Answer: -
systole is CARDIAC CONTRACTION
-distole is CARDIAC FILLING
◉ Cycle of the heart. Answer: -passive filling of ventricles & atria
(diastole)
-Atrial contraction (artial systole) *P wave*
-Ventricular ejection (ventricular systole)
◉ *Cardiac output =*. Answer: *heart rate x stroke volume*
◉ *Normal CO range* (cardiac output). Answer: *4-7 L/min*
, ◉ Stroke volume is. Answer: the amount of blood ejected during
each contraction impacted by preload, afterload, contractility, and
HR
◉ stroke volume (preload). Answer: how much the myocardial
ventricle STRETCHES (impacted by volume returning)
◉ stroke volume (afterload). Answer: how much RESISTANCE the
ventricle must overcome to pump directly related to arterial blood
pressure & diameter of blood vessels
◉ Stroke volume (contractility). Answer: how well the heart can
constrict or relax to ensure appropriate FORCE of contraction
◉ Blood pressure is. Answer: the force of blood exerted against the
vessel wall
◉ Systolic BP. Answer: the amount of pressure during ventricular
systole
◉ Diastolic BP. Answer: the amount of pressure remaining in the
system during diastole
◉ HEART FAILURE IS. Answer: PUMP FAILURE
SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Cardiovascular disease is the. Answer: leading cause of death in
the US
◉ Anatomy of the heart. Answer: fist size organ and pumps approx:
*60ml with each beat and 5L every minute* (can be increased when
demand increases)
◉ Blood flow steps of the heart. Answer: 1. Right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from superior inferior vena cava
2. right ventricle received blood via the trcupsid valve
3. right ventricle contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonic
valve into the pulmonary arter for gas exchange
4. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
5. left ventricle receives blood via the mitral valve
6. the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the body via the
aortic valve
◉ Age related changes. Answer: -cardiac valves
-conduction system
,-left ventricle
-aortic & other large arteries
-Baroreceptors
◉ How do the cardiac valves change with increased age?. Answer: -
murmurs appear
-valvular abnormalities result in rhythm changes
◉ How does the conduction system change with increased age?.
Answer: -Pacemaker cell decreases (the regulator of the heart)
-Fibrous tissue & SA node increase (the heart gets thicker)
-Decrease muscle fibers in atrial myocardium and bundle of His
-Conduction time increases (bradycardia possible)
◉ How does the left ventricle change with age?. Answer: -size
increases (cardiomyopathy)
-walls s tiffen (stroke volume and ejection fraction decrease)
-Fibrotic changes happen (filling speed is decreased and less able to
increase cardiac output activity)
◉ How does the aorta and large arteries change with age?. Answer:
walls thicken and stiffen (*main responsibility of hypertension in
older adults*)
,◉ How do the baroreceptors work?. Answer: They have a set point
that the blood pressure should be at and make changes to the heart
rate to change the blood pressure.
◉ How do the baroreceptors change in age?. Answer: they become
less sensitive bc they are responsible for knowing when to increase
or decrease the flow of blood based on the increase or decrease of
movement they are responsible for *orthostatic changes which lead
to increased dizziness and fainting*
◉ Remember that systole is _____ and distole is _______. Answer: -
systole is CARDIAC CONTRACTION
-distole is CARDIAC FILLING
◉ Cycle of the heart. Answer: -passive filling of ventricles & atria
(diastole)
-Atrial contraction (artial systole) *P wave*
-Ventricular ejection (ventricular systole)
◉ *Cardiac output =*. Answer: *heart rate x stroke volume*
◉ *Normal CO range* (cardiac output). Answer: *4-7 L/min*
, ◉ Stroke volume is. Answer: the amount of blood ejected during
each contraction impacted by preload, afterload, contractility, and
HR
◉ stroke volume (preload). Answer: how much the myocardial
ventricle STRETCHES (impacted by volume returning)
◉ stroke volume (afterload). Answer: how much RESISTANCE the
ventricle must overcome to pump directly related to arterial blood
pressure & diameter of blood vessels
◉ Stroke volume (contractility). Answer: how well the heart can
constrict or relax to ensure appropriate FORCE of contraction
◉ Blood pressure is. Answer: the force of blood exerted against the
vessel wall
◉ Systolic BP. Answer: the amount of pressure during ventricular
systole
◉ Diastolic BP. Answer: the amount of pressure remaining in the
system during diastole
◉ HEART FAILURE IS. Answer: PUMP FAILURE
